Paralanguage的分类,内容和用途

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Paralanguage的分类,内容和用途

英语是一种语调语言，英语语调是英语表达的灵魂，对交际意义的表达起到重要作用，而英汉语调系统的差异对我国英语学习者造成了一定的影响。像语调一样，音高，音质，语气，甚至叹气，咳嗽，沉默，哭，笑等都会对跨文化交际产生影响，他们属于非语言交流中的副语言。

副语言作为一种中演的非语言交流方式，在人类语言交际中起着极其重要的作用。它贯穿着语言交际过程的始末，伴随着语言交际过程的始末，伴随着语言表达信息的真正含义。

When we communicate with Westerns,what we Chinese speakers should care about is the cultueal differences of vocal qualifiers,vocal segregates,vocal characterizers and slience.

Vocal Qualifiers(声音修饰）

Vocal qualifiers provide important signals in turn taking in a conversation.The changing of intonation,of pitch,and of volume,or using the asking intonation can indicate the turn-yielding cure.If everyone in the group is used to the same signals,the conversation can flow and speakers seem to take their turns almost automatically.The rhythm of the conversation feels natural.In contrast,if people use different intonation patterns,interlocutors may feel that the conversation is strained,that one side is trying to dominate or is not contributing th the discussion.

Vocal Segregates（语言分割）

All cultures use non-word noises such as ''uhs","ahas","uhms","eh","lah",sucking in one's breath,and clicking one's tongue.These noises may be used as connectors between ideas;they also may be used to indicate that someone is ready to say something or that more time is needed to think things over.People often use''这个",or"那个"in Chinese instead.This vocal segregates indicate formality,acceptance,assent,uncertainty,etc.Generally,the interpretation of these noises does not present a major hurdle in intercultural communication.The frequency of their use,however,varies from culture to culture.

Vocal Characterizers(声音特征）

Vocal characterizers include laughing,crying,yelling,moaning,whining,belching,and yawning.These send different message indifferent cultures (Japan-giggling indicates embarrassment；India-belch indicates satisfaction；American-smile indicates happiness and agreement).Innate behaviors can change as we grow and learn our culture.For example,smile isuniversally recognized as a sign of friendiness,but it has other meaning to other cultures.Germans smile less than people from the US do,but it doesn't mean Germans are less friendly.

Slience(沉默)

Communication through slience plays an important role in all culture. Slience can indicate agreement,disagreement,confusion,respect,sadness,throughtfulness,and so on.The important of slience as a communication tool and the interpretation of slience vary from culture to culture,but all cultures use slience at times to get a point across."Slience in Asia has commonly been acceptable whereas in the West slience has generally been considered socially disagreeable."