每天了解点典故16~灞桥折柳

孙副官

<h3>每天了解点典故16~灞桥折柳</h3><h3><br></h3><h3>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;春秋时期,秦穆公称霸西戎,将滋水改为灞水,并在其上修“灞桥”。<br></h3><h3><br></h3><h3>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;灞桥是长安与东方广大地区的重要通道。唐朝时,灞桥上设立驿站,凡送别亲人好友东去,一般都要送到灞桥后才分手,并折下桥头柳枝相赠。折柳相送,是中国人最古老的一个离别风俗,久而久之,“灞桥折柳赠别”也成了一个特有的习俗和符号。</h3><h3><br></h3><h3>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 《西安府志》中云:“灞桥两岸,筑堤五里,栽柳万株,游人肩摩毂击,为长安之壮观。”</h3><h3>&nbsp;&nbsp;</h3><h3>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 《三辅黄图·桥》记载:“灞桥在长安东,跨水作桥,汉人送客至此桥,折柳赠别”。<br></h3><h3><br></h3><h3>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 《开天遗事》:“来迎去送,至此黯然,故人呼为断魂桥。”在长安成为汉唐京都的漫长岁月里,灞桥也是众多外放官员离京饯别之处。送君灞陵亭,灞水流浩浩,上有无花之古树,下有伤心之春草。</h3><h3><br></h3><h3>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;于是灞桥这座久负盛名的古桥,引起了多少文人的咏叹;那桥边的垂柳,又让多少迁客为之断肠;那桥下日夜东流的灞水,又让多少离情别绪,变得绵绵无绝期。灞桥折柳也就成了一个文学的特定意向符号!</h3><h3><br></h3><h3>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;自从灞桥设立了驿站后,灞桥上就有了年年柳丝不堪折的伤感和壮怀,走过了灞桥,那潼关晨梦,渭城朝雨,凉州残雪,阳关羌笛,都带给了我们美奂的篇章,而折柳赠别更是留下了难舍的依依别情!<br></h3><h3><br></h3><h3>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;李白叹道:“年年柳色,灞陵伤别”,岑参写道:“初程莫早发,且宿灞桥头”,刘禹锡唱道:“征徒出灞涘,回首伤如何”,李贺咏道:“灞水楼船渡,营门细柳开”,李商隐吟道:“灞水桥边倚华表,平时二月有东巡”,等等,不一而足。最让人难以置信的是,仅《全唐诗》中直接描写或提及灞桥(灞水、灞陵)的诗篇就达114首之多。</h3><h3><br></h3><h3>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 其后经过历代墨客骚人妙笔的润饰,日久天长,灞桥竟被人们改称为“情尽桥”、“断肠桥”、“销魂桥”。据《唐诗纪事》记载:“雍陶有一次送别故旧,行至灞桥,问随从曰:‘此桥为何称情尽桥?’随从道:‘因送别到此为止点,故称之情尽桥。’雍陶有感惜别之情:‘从来只有情难尽,何事名为情尽桥,自此改名为折柳,任它离恨一条条。’”这就是脍炙人口的《折柳桥》。</h3><h3><br></h3><h3>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;柳作为文学作品中的离别意向,最早大概始于《诗经·小雅·采薇》:“昔我往矣,杨柳依依,今我来思,雨雪霏霏”。在这里诗人赋予了柳的离别意象,开后世意象之先河,此离别意象盛于魏晋南北朝,经隋唐时期文人雅士们不断写诗作赋,灞桥折柳赠别那种离愁别绪和深情厚谊就被定格了下来!</h3><h3><br></h3><h3>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;“杨柳多短枝,短枝多离别。赠远屡攀折,柔条安得垂,青春有定节,离别无定时。但恐别人促,不愿来迟迟。莫言短枝条,中有长相思,朱颜与绿柳,并在离别期。”</h3><div><br></div><div>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;古人钟情于柳,当然与柳自身的特点以及从柳本身所挖掘出的意义有关。“多情自古伤别离”,重情重义的中国人从“柳”与“留”的谐音中,发掘了柳的留别、留情、挽留的意象,且柳絮之“絮”与情绪之“绪”谐音,柳丝之“丝”与相思之“思”谐音。于是古人将依依惜别的情怀寄托于娇柔细柳。赠柳、咏柳也就常常带有希望离别之人能够留下来的美好心愿。“青青河畔草,郁郁园中柳。回首望君柳丝下,挥手别君泪难休”。古人用柳枝的随风飘摇来表示别情的依依。</div><div><br></div><div>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;并且柳适应性很强,随处可生长,具有旺盛的生命力。正如诗中所描述的“有意栽花花不发,无心插柳柳成荫”,暗合了亲人希望远在他乡的游子有着坚韧的生命力,能够随遇而安。因此,人们折柳送别不仅有留恋之意,还有祝福之意。</div><div><br></div><div>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;异乡随处可见的杨柳,寄托了多少离愁和思念。李商隐《杨柳枝》“为报行人休尽折,半留相送半留归”。离别之时将柳条折为两截,一截赠送游人,表祝福,一截留下来,盼游人早归。<br></div><div><br></div><div>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 古人重视离别,用折柳赠别来表达柔情萦绕和感情绵长之意,更是表达了无尽的怀念和祝福!</div><div><br></div><div>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 灞桥两岸,筑堤五里,栽柳万株,早春时节,柳絮飘舞,宛若飞雪,这就是著名的“关中八景”之一的灞桥风雪。</div><div><br></div><div>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;《韵府群玉》中记载:“孟浩然尝于灞水,冒雪骑驴寻梅花,曰:‘吾诗思在风雪中驴子背上”,明代著名画家吴士英的《灞桥风雪图》盖取其意。&nbsp;</div><div><br></div><div>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 而今灞桥已不是当年的那座桥,那柳也不是当年的柳,但是由于历代墨客骚人的吟咏,自古至今,灞桥折柳和灞桥风雪依然依然鲜活在人们的思绪中!</div><div><br></div><div>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;1、李白《忆秦娥》:“箫声咽,秦娥梦断秦楼月。秦楼月,年年柳色,灞陵伤别。”</div><div><br></div><div>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;2、唐.李益《途中寄李二》:</div><div>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;杨柳含烟灞岸春,</div><div>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;年年攀折为行人。</div><div>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;好风若借低枝便,</div><div>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;莫遣青丝扫路尘。<br></div><h3><br></h3><h3>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;3、宋.陆游《秋波媚》&nbsp;</h3><div>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;秋到边城角声哀,烽火照高台。&nbsp;</div><div>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;悲歌击筑,凭高酹酒,此兴悠哉!&nbsp;</div><div>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;多情谁似南山月,特地暮云开。&nbsp;</div><div>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;灞桥烟柳,曲江池馆,应待人来。</div><div><br></div><div>&nbsp; &nbsp; 4、宋.柳永《少年游·参差烟树灞陵桥》</div><div>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 参差烟树灞陵桥,风物尽前朝。</div><div>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 衰杨古柳,几经攀折,憔悴楚宫腰。</div><div>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 夕阳闲淡秋光老,离思满蘅皋。<br></div><div>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 一曲阳关,断肠声尽,独自凭兰桡</div><div><br></div><div>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;5、宋.无名氏《满江红·买得青山》</div><div>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;买得青山,便收□、草鞋藜杖。更不过建章宫下,灞陵桥上。天地蜗牛蛮触待,功名蚁穴槐安相。近新来、白发几多长,三千丈。从今脱,红尘网。青石枕,松风响。有商山四皓,□闲来往。火枣便宜秋露滴,交梨正要春温养。算古来、谁似我逍遥,陶元亮。<br></div><div><br></div><div>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;6、宋.苏庠《鹧鸪天·枫落河梁野水秋》</div><div>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 枫落河梁野水秋,</div><div>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 淡烟衰草接郊丘。</div><div>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 醉眠小坞黄茅店,</div><div>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 梦倚高城赤叶楼。&nbsp;<br></div><div>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 天杳杳,路悠悠,</div><div>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 钿筝歌扇等闲休。</div><div>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 灞桥杨柳年年恨,</div><div>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 鸳浦芙蓉叶叶愁。</div><div><br></div><div>&nbsp; &nbsp; 7、醉里几番云雨,</div><div>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 醒时两处萋迷。</div><div>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 夕阳夕照灞桥西,</div><div>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 柳残春色尽,</div><div>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 人去燕儿稀。<br></div><div><br></div><div>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 暂把长情轻捋,</div><div>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 拼得花酒千杯。 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</div><div>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 今宵旧梦莫相催,</div><div>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 平生多憾事,</div><div>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 何不笑一回。 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</div><div>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; ——李暮寒《临江仙·灞桥花坊买醉》<br></div><div><br></div><div>&nbsp; &nbsp; 8、别是方恨相知短,执臂才觉青衫寒。&nbsp;</div><div>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 折不完灞桥长亭三春柳,&nbsp;</div><div>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 道不尽西出阳关故人一杯酒。&nbsp;</div><div>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 时人才知江湖意,&nbsp;</div><div>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 却也已是红颜变白首。&nbsp;</div><div>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 唉!罢!罢!罢!&nbsp;</div><div>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 谈不完江湖事,道不完仁者愁&nbsp;</div><div>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 纵使重来簪花画眉头,&nbsp;</div><div>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 却也不是&nbsp;</div><div>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 少年游。</div><div>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; ——君莫《君莫》</div><div><br></div><div>&nbsp; &nbsp; 9、疏林藏钟,笼角轻烟,陌上花开东风软。盘枝云雀,恋花栖蝶,旧苑桃红伊人面,听得柳外声声莺啼啭。</div><div>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 几多欢,曾记未语先羞,相看青眼;几多欢,曾记指月盟誓,此情难绝。灞桥折柳,且送兰舟远,泪洒桥檐,心底相思结。&nbsp;</div><div>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;又是一年旧燕还,人何处?独看阶前雨过香碾,数眼底风光,偏是绿浓红浅。</div>