图说桥梁工程(上)

杨宗耀

<h1 style="text-align: center;"><font color="#ed2308"><b>1 &nbsp;概 &nbsp; 述</b></font></h1> <h1 style="text-align: center;"><b><font color="#167efb">1.1 &nbsp;桥梁工程的历史演进</font></b></h1> <h3><b>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;桥梁工程----是供公路、城市道路、铁路、渠道、管线等跨越水体、山谷或彼此间相互跨越的工程构筑物,是交通运输中重要的组成部分。</b></h3> <h3><b>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;“ 千年筏子百年桥” &nbsp; &nbsp;</b></h3><h3><b><br></b></h3><h3><b>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;在没有桥的年代,“皮筏为渡”是黄河沿岸民间保留下来的一种古老的摆渡工具。&nbsp;</b></h3> <h3 style="text-align: center;">学会溜索去上学</h3> <h3><b>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 溜索飞渡</b></h3><h3><b><br></b></h3><h3><b>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;溜索有篾索、藤编索及铁索等多种,过渡者将溜板或特制座位吊在绳索上,借助于绳索的倾斜度溜向彼岸。溜索又分为平溜、陡溜。</b></h3> <h1 style="text-align: center;"><b><font color="#ed2308"><br></font></b></h1><h1 style="text-align: center;"><b><font color="#ed2308">独 &nbsp;木 &nbsp;桥</font></b></h1> <h3><b>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;创始最早,但不能长期使用,是简单的人行桥,常用一面砍平的一根圆木做成。&nbsp;</b></h3> <h3 style="text-align: center;">历经沧桑的独木桥</h3> <h1 style="text-align: center;"><b><font color="#ed2308"><br></font></b></h1><h1 style="text-align: center;"><b><font color="#ed2308">堤 &nbsp;梁 &nbsp;桥</font></b></h1> <h3><b>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</b><b>桥梁的原始雏形是堤梁桥。“碇埠桥”是堤梁桥的最原始形态。浙江的仕水碇埠建于清乾隆60年(1795年),总长133米,共有石齿223步,每步由两块平整条石并排砌成,高低差0.2米,每步距0.6米,是我国现存保留最完好、最古老、最长的古代碇步桥。</b></h3> <h3 style="text-align: center;">仕水碇步桥 · 浙江</h3> <h3 style="text-align: center;">西浦村碇步桥 · 浙江</h3> <h3 style="text-align: center;">塔尔石阶 · 英国埃克斯穆尔</h3> <h1 style="text-align: center;"><b><font color="#ed2308"><br></font></b></h1><h1 style="text-align: center;"><b><font color="#ed2308">浮 &nbsp; &nbsp;桥</font></b></h1> <h3><b>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;浮桥在我国已有三千年历史,传统的浮桥是用船或浮箱代替桥墩、上铺梁、板构成桥面,浮桥架设简便,成桥迅速。</b></h3> <h3 style="text-align: center;">中俄跨国浮桥 · 黑龙江</h3> <h3 style="text-align: center;">采用制式器材拼组的军用浮桥则称舟桥</h3> <h1 style="text-align: center;"><b><font color="#ed2308"><br></font></b></h1><h1 style="text-align: center;"><b><font color="#ed2308">石 &nbsp;梁 &nbsp;桥</font></b></h1> <h3><b>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;古代桥梁要推石桥居首,秦汉时期我国已广泛修建石梁桥。</b></h3> <h3>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;溧水天生桥 · 南京</h3><h3>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;桥宽9米、长34米、厚9米,桥面高36米,桥下是明朝朱元璋为沟通江浙漕运在岩石上开凿出来的人工运河—胭脂河,是一座出自人工,却名“天生”的举世无双的石桥!&nbsp;</h3> <h3 style="text-align: center;">绝壁危岩 · 鬼斧神工</h3> <h3>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</h3><h3>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 洛阳桥 · 福建泉州</h3><h3>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;原名万安桥,是世界上现存最长的石梁桥,桥长834米、宽7米,墩端部呈船头形,墩孔净跨8米。碑亭中刻有清道光年间“天下第一桥”石刻横额 。</h3> <h3><br></h3><h3>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;虎渡桥 · 福建 漳州</h3><h3>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;又名江东桥,是我国古代十大名桥之一,桥长335米,某些石梁长达23.7米,沿宽度用三根石梁组成,每根宽1.7米,高1.9米,重达200多吨 。</h3> <h3><br></h3><h3>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 安平桥 · 福建 晋江</h3><h3>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;桥长五华里,又名五里桥,建于宋代,桥面由 7条大石板铺成,为古代跨度最大的梁式石桥,有“天下无此长桥”的美称。</h3> <h3><br></h3><h3>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;广济桥 · 广东 潮州</h3><h3>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;又称湘子桥,桥长518米,东岸桥墩13座、西岸11座,河中因水深流急只能用18只梭船排成一列横队,用铁索连成浮桥。遇洪水或要通船,可解掉糸船铁索,移开梭船,变成开闭式浮梁桥。广济桥集梁桥、拱桥、浮桥等形式于一体,凝结了古代劳动人民的智慧。 &nbsp;</h3> <h1 style="text-align: center;"><b><font color="#ed2308"><br></font></b></h1><h1 style="text-align: center;"><b><font color="#ed2308">石 &nbsp;拱 &nbsp;桥</font></b></h1> <div>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 卢沟桥 · 北京 丰台</div>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;是北京现存最古老的石造联拱桥。卢沟桥全长266.5米,宽7.5米,最宽处可达9.3米。有桥墩十座,共11个桥孔,整个桥身都是石体结构,关键部位均有银锭铁榫连接,为华北最长的古代石桥。&nbsp; <h3><br></h3><h3>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;赵州桥 · 河北 赵县</h3><h3>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;又名安济桥,单孔空腹圆弧石拱桥,净跨37.2米,矢高7.23米。主拱圈上两侧各开两个小拱,以宣泄洪水,减轻自重。是现存最早、并保存良好的石拱桥。&nbsp;</h3> <h3><br></h3><h3>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;五亭桥 · 江苏 扬州</h3><h3>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;位于杨州瘦西湖内。桥基为12条青石砌成大小不同的桥墩;桥身为拱卷形,由3种不同的卷洞联合,共15孔,孔孔相通,亭亭之间的廊相连。&nbsp;</h3> <h3><br></h3><h3>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;玉带桥 · 北京 颐和园</h3><h3>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;玉带桥单孔净跨11.38米,矢高约7.5米,全部用玉石琢成,桥面是双反向曲线,组成波形线桥型,显得格外富丽堂皇。</h3> <h3><br></h3><h3>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;五音桥 · 河北 遵化</h3><h3>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;五音桥全长110.6米、宽9.1米,桥上安有方解石栏板126块,用石块敲击会发出不同的声音,是一座能发出音响的桥梁。</h3> <h1 style="text-align: center;"><b><font color="#ed2308"><br></font></b></h1><h1 style="text-align: center;"><b><font color="#ed2308">廊 &nbsp; &nbsp;桥</font></b></h1> <h3><b>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;又称风雨桥,除飞跃山溪、沟通交通外,还可遮阳避雨,供人休憩、交流、聚会、观景。</b></h3> <h3 style="text-align: center;">泰顺廊桥----仙居桥</h3> <h3 style="text-align: center;">福建廊桥</h3> <h3>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;程阳风雨桥 · 广西 三江</h3><h3>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;是目前保存最好、规模最大的风雨桥,整座桥无一铁钉,全用榫槽衔接,它斜穿直套、纵横交错,十分精致牢固,集桥、廊、亭三者于一身。是侗寨风雨桥的代表作,侗乡人民智慧的结晶,中国木建筑中的艺术珍品。&nbsp;</h3> <h1 style="text-align: center;"><b><font color="#ed2308"><br></font></b></h1><h1 style="text-align: center;"><b><font color="#ed2308">吊 &nbsp; &nbsp;桥</font></b></h1> <h3><b>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;吊桥又称悬索桥,其跨越能力是各种桥梁体系中最大的。&nbsp;</b></h3> <h3>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 大渡河铁索桥 · 四川 泸定</h3><h3>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;全长103.67米,宽3米,桥身共由13根铁链组成,其中底链9根,扶手4根,重达21吨。 &nbsp;</h3> <h3 style="text-align: center;">台湾阿里山吊桥</h3> <h3><b><br></b></h3><h3><b>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;藤 &nbsp; &nbsp;桥</b></h3><h3><b>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;古老的藤桥是用富有韧性的藤条按经纬线编织成网状或筒形,把两端的门设在河的两边岸上,底部铺上木板,人踩着木板行走。现代藤桥则要在河两岸架起钢索,将竹子编成竹篾放在钢索上,再铺上木板。但竹篾每年须更换一次。&nbsp;</b></h3> <h3 style="text-align: center;">竹篾藤桥 · 四川 德昌</h3> <h3 style="text-align: center;">藤网桥 · 西藏 墨脱</h3> <h3 style="text-align: center;">云龙藤桥 · 云南 大理</h3> <h3><b><br></b></h3><h3><b>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 栈 &nbsp; &nbsp;道</b></h3><h3><b>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;所谓“穴山为孔、插木为梁”,是人们在深山峡谷或河水隔绝的悬崖绝壁上用器物开凿一些棱形的孔穴,孔穴内插上石桩或木桩,上面横铺木板或石板,以便人、车通行,亦称栈道桥。&nbsp;</b></h3> <h3 style="text-align: center;">明月峽古栈道 · 秦岭</h3> <h3 style="text-align: center;">绵山绝壁栈道 · 山西</h3> <h3><b><font color="#ed2308"><br></font></b></h3><h3><b><font color="#ed2308">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;桥梁既是一种功能性的结构物,又是一座立体的造型艺术工程,也是具有时代特征的景观工程,桥梁具有一种凌空宏伟的魅力。</font></b></h3> <h1 style="text-align: center;"><b><font color="#167efb"><br></font></b></h1><h1 style="text-align: center;"><b><font color="#167efb">1.2 桥梁的组成</font></b></h1> <h3><b>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;桥跨结构:又称上部结构,包括桥面板、桥面梁及拱、悬索等,负责承受桥面的车辆、行人荷载;</b></h3><h3><b><br></b></h3><h3><b>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;桥墩:设在两桥台之间,作用是支承桥跨结构;</b></h3><h3><b><br></b></h3><h3><b>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;桥台:设在桥身两端,除支承桥跨结构外还与路堤衔接并防止路堤滑塌;</b></h3><div><b><br></b></div><div><b>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;桥梁基础:是桥墩、桥台埋入岩土中的扩大部分,负责将桥上全部荷载传至地基;</b></div><div><b><br></b></div><div><b>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;H ----是桥下净空高度,它保证安全泄洪和河道通航所规定的净空高度。</b></div> <h1 style="text-align: center;"><b><font color="#167efb"><br></font></b></h1><h1 style="text-align: center;"><b><font color="#167efb">1.3 &nbsp;桥梁规划与设计</font></b></h1> <h3><b>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;1.3.1 规划程序</b></h3><h3><b>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;桥位选定→确定桥梁总跨径及分孔方案→桥型选定→桥梁的纵横断面布置</b></h3> <h3 style="text-align: center;"><b>1.3.2 桥梁规划原则</b></h3> <h3><b><br></b></h3><h3><b>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;1.3.3 &nbsp;桥位选定</b></h3><h3><b>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;在服从路线要求的前提下,选择河道顺直、河道稳定、水面较窄、水流平稳的河段。</b></h3> <h3><b><br></b></h3><h3><b>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;1.3.4 &nbsp;确定总跨径与分孔数</b></h3><h3><b>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</b></h3><h3><b>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;(1)总跨径</b></h3><h3><b><br></b></h3><h3><b>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;总跨径的长度应保证桥下有足够的过水断面可顺利宣泄洪水、通过流冰。</b></h3> <h3><b><br></b></h3><h3><b>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; (2)分孔数目及跨径大小,要考虑:</b></h3><h3><b><br></b></h3><h3><b>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;通航要求:通航孔按通航净宽,非通航孔选用经济跨径;</b></h3><h3><b><br></b></h3><h3><b>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;工程地质条件:避免过多水下施工和不良地质;</b></h3><h3><b><br></b></h3><h3><b>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;造价的高低:上部结构与下部结构造价基本持平,总造价最低。</b></h3> <h3><b><br></b></h3><h3><b>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;(3)桥道标高</b></h3><h3><b><br></b></h3><h3><b>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;通航水位和通航净标高决定着桥道标高。&nbsp;</b></h3> <h3>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;南浦大桥的通航净空高度为46米,浦西引桥总长3754米,受地域空间限制,浦西引桥设计成两个复曲线螺旋状,造型犹如盘圆团龙,在国内外桥梁建筑史上也属罕见。</h3> <h3><b><br></b></h3><h3><b>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;1.3.5 &nbsp;桥梁纵横断面布置</b></h3><h3><b><br></b></h3><h3><b>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;包括桥面宽度、横向坡度、桥跨结构的横断面布置等,应按照国家标准中的道路等级确定。</b></h3> <h3 style="text-align: center;">典型公路双向整体式桥梁横断面</h3> <h3 style="text-align: center;">典型城市双向整体式桥梁横断面</h3> <h3 style="text-align: center;">桥梁纵断面设计</h3> <h3><b><br></b></h3><h3><b>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;1.3.6 &nbsp;桥型选择</b></h3><h3><b><br></b></h3><h3><b>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;一般桥梁应选择受力明确、外形简洁、便于施工的梁桥结构。</b></h3><div><b><br></b></div><div><b>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;景观要求较高的桥梁,应与周围环境相协调、力求简捷,使景观设计与结构受力充分结合,展现桥梁的美学效果。</b></div><div><br></div> <h1 style="text-align: center;"><b><font color="#167efb"><br></font></b></h1><h1 style="text-align: center;"><b><font color="#167efb">1.4 桥梁与建筑工程的异同</font></b></h1> <h3><b>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;桥梁工程中的荷载、材料、地基和内力效应与建筑工程基本相同,但有以下3点区别:</b></h3><h3><b><br></b></h3><h3><b>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;(1)荷载:是一系列集中力和均布作用力组成的移动式荷载;&nbsp;</b></h3><h3><b><br></b></h3><h3><b>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;(2)作用效应:除承受各种荷载引起的拉力、压力、弯矩、剪力、扭矩外,还承受车辆行进过程中产生的冲击力、离心力、横向摇摆力、制动力或牵引力等;</b></h3><h3><b><br></b></h3><h3><b>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;(3)墩台和基础:桥梁基础埋置较深,水中的桥墩、桥台及基础要考虑河流冲刷和船只撞击,基础施工技术复杂。</b></h3> <h3 style="text-align: center;">湖南矮寨大桥成桥荷载试验</h3> <h1 style="text-align: center;"><b><font color="#ed2308"><br></font></b></h1><h1 style="text-align: center;"><b><font color="#ed2308">2 &nbsp;桥梁的分类</font></b></h1> <h1 style="text-align: center;"><b><font color="#167efb">2.1 &nbsp;按使用性质分类</font></b></h1> <h3><b>可分为:公路桥;&nbsp;</b></h3><h3><b>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 铁路桥;&nbsp;</b></h3><h3><b>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 公铁两用桥;</b></h3><h3><b>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 城市道路桥(立交桥、高架桥、人行桥 );</b></h3><h3><b>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;机耕桥;&nbsp;</b></h3><h3><b>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;管线桥;&nbsp;</b></h3><h3><b>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;渡槽桥。 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</b></h3> <h3><b>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</b></h3><h3><b>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;2.1.1 公路桥</b></h3><h3><b>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</b></h3><h3><b>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;技术上:能承受施加的荷载,能抗御自然因素的破坏作用; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</b><br></h3><h3><b><br></b></h3><h3><b>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;使用上:桥上能安全通行车辆,桥下能安全宣泄洪水和流冰,在通航河流上船只能安全航行。 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;</b></h3><h3><b><br></b></h3><h3><b>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;要求:采用先进技术,保护和美化环境。 &nbsp;</b></h3> <h3><b><br></b></h3><h3><b>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 2.1.2 铁路桥</b></h3><h3><b>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</b></h3><h3><b>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;特点是:荷载大,冲击力大,行车密度大,要求能抵抗自然灾害的标准高,要求结构有一定的竖向横向刚度和动力性能。 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</b><br></h3> <h3><b><br></b></h3><h3><b>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 2.1.3 &nbsp;公铁两用桥</b></h3><h3><b>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</b></h3><h3><b>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;在靠近城市、铁路公路均较稠密而需建造铁路桥和公路桥以联接线路时,为降低造价和缩短工期,常考虑造公铁两用桥。&nbsp;</b></h3><h3><b><br></b></h3><h3><b>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;按公路路面所在平面分为双层式公铁两用桥和平列式公铁两用桥。 &nbsp;</b></h3> <h3 style="text-align: center;">平列式----马房北江大桥</h3><h3 style="text-align: center;">公路为64米跨简支上承式钢箱梁桥</h3><h3 style="text-align: center;">铁路为64米跨简支下承式钢桁梁桥</h3><h3 style="text-align: center;">1984年12月建成</h3> <h3>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 双层式----郑州黄河公铁两用特大桥</h3><h3>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;上层为100km/h的双向六车道公路,下层为350km/h的高铁,公铁合建长9.17公里,是目前世界上最长的公铁两用桥。2010年9月公路通车。 &nbsp;</h3> <h3 style="text-align: center;">双层式公铁两用桥横断面</h3> <h3><b><br></b></h3><h3><b>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 2.1.4 &nbsp;城市道路桥</b></h3><h3><b>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</b></h3><h3><b>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;亦称市政桥梁,通常除主桥外,还包括引桥、通道桥、匝道和人行天桥等。高架桥、立交桥和人行桥等均属城市道路桥。</b></h3><h3><b><br></b></h3><h3><b>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;城市道路桥多为景观桥梁,给排水、电力、通讯、燃气等专业配套十分重要。&nbsp;</b></h3> <h3>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 武汉晴川桥 · 2000年12月31日竣工</h3><h3>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;工程全长967米,主桥为下承式钢管无铰拱桥,净跨280米,是目前同类型桥梁中跨度最长、技术含量较高的城市景观桥梁。&nbsp;</h3> <h3><br></h3><h3>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;南浦大桥西引桥</h3><h3>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;西引桥总长3754米,受地域空间限制,引桥设计成两个复曲线螺旋形,造型犹如盘圆团龙。1991年建成。</h3> <h3 style="text-align: center;"><b><br></b></h3><h3 style="text-align: center;"><b>城市高架桥</b></h3><h3 style="text-align: center;"><b>可分市政道路高架桥和轻轨高架桥</b></h3> <h3 style="text-align: center;">城市轻轨高架桥</h3> <h3 style="text-align: center;">市政道路高架桥横断面</h3> <h3 style="text-align: center;">高架桥的市政管线布置</h3> <h3 style="text-align: center;"><br></h3><h3 style="text-align: center;">城市立交桥</h3><h3 style="text-align: center;"><br></h3><h3 style="text-align: center;">&nbsp;北京安慧立交桥 · 1988年建成</h3><h3 style="text-align: center;">三层菱形 苜蓿叶式立交桥&nbsp;</h3> <h3><b><br></b></h3><h3><b>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 人行天桥</b></h3><h3><b><br></b></h3><h3><b>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;又称人行立交桥。一般建造在车流量大、行人稠密的地段,或交叉口、广场及铁路上面,用于避免车流和人流平面相交时的冲突。主流结构型式多采用悬挂式、承托式和混合式3种结构。 &nbsp;</b></h3> <h3 style="text-align: center;">悬挂式人行天桥</h3> <h3 style="text-align: center;">承托式人行天桥</h3> <h3 style="text-align: center;">中承式钢管拱人行天桥 · 厦门明发商业广场</h3> <h3 style="text-align: center;">S型人行天桥 · 上海王家沙</h3><div style="text-align: center;">结构为S形单箱3室连续钢箱梁</div><div style="text-align: center;">它将1个T型交叉口与1个K型交叉口连成整体</div><div style="text-align: center;">1986年建成 &nbsp;2001年拆除</div> <h3 style="text-align: center;">Y形人形天桥 · 上海武宁路 &nbsp;1984年建成</h3> <h3 style="text-align: center;">明珠环人行天桥 · 上海 陆家嘴</h3><h3 style="text-align: center;">直径117.5米钢箱梁结构 &nbsp;2010年建成</h3> <h3><br></h3><h3>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;大连新港海上栈桥</h3><h3>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;全长954米,由9跨100米的空腹桁架钢梁(即刚拱刚梁组合系杆拱)组成。桥上铺设输油、输水、输气的管道和2.6米宽的汽车道。1975年建成。</h3> <h3 style="text-align: center;"><br></h3><h3 style="text-align: center;">汤浦水库引水工程跨江管道桥 · 宁波 2007年建成</h3> <h3><br></h3><h3>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 军都山渡槽桥</h3><h3>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;位于北京延庆,全长276米,主跨长126米,槽身距地面27米,是我国第一座跨度超过百米的大型斜拉输水建筑物。&nbsp;</h3> <h3>&nbsp;</h3><h3>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 杨村河渡槽桥</h3><h3>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;位于上饶市永平铜矿,是一座主跨达67米输送尾矿砂的刚架拱桥</h3> <h1 style="text-align: center;"><b><font color="#167efb"><br></font></b></h1><h1 style="text-align: center;"><b><font color="#167efb">2.2 &nbsp;按桥身结构材料分类</font></b></h1> <h3><b>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;主要有:木桥、圬工桥(砖、石、砼砌块桥)、钢筋混凝土桥、预应力混凝土桥、钢桥。 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</b></h3> <h3><b><br></b></h3><h3><b>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 2.2.1 &nbsp;木桥</b></h3><h3><b><br></b></h3><h3><b>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;优点是重量轻、取材方便、连接构造简单;缺点是易燃、易腐蚀,承载力和耐久性易受木材的各向异性及天然缺陷影响。目前常用的有木简支梁桥、木伸臂梁桥、木撑架桥和木桁架桥。 &nbsp;</b></h3> <h3 style="text-align: center;">架木为梁----人行伸臂木梁桥</h3> <h3 style="text-align: center;"><br></h3><h3 style="text-align: center;">木伸臂梁桥</h3> <h3 style="text-align: center;">木伸臂梁廊桥 · 建瓯腾云桥</h3> <h3 style="text-align: center;"><br></h3><h3 style="text-align: center;">木撑架桥----底部撑架</h3> <h3 style="text-align: center;"><br></h3><h3 style="text-align: center;">木悬臂叠梁拱桥 · 霸陵桥----甘肃 渭源</h3><h3 style="text-align: center;">始建于1368年 &nbsp;重建于1934年</h3> <h3 style="text-align: center;"><br></h3><h3 style="text-align: center;">木拱廊桥----底拱 · 政和赤溪桥</h3> <h3 style="text-align: center;"><br></h3><h3 style="text-align: center;">木桁架拱桥</h3> <h3><b><br></b></h3><h3><b>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 2.2.2 &nbsp;圬 工 桥</b></h3><h3><b><br></b></h3><h3><b>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;是以砖、石、混凝土等圬工材料建造的桥梁。取材方便且价格低廉,且具有良好的耐久性,维修养护工作量小,抗冲击能力强,振动小。缺点是自重大、强度低、截面尺寸大,砌筑工作繁重。</b></h3> <h3>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;双肋石拱桥----乌巢河桥 · 湖南 凤凰</h3><h3>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;长241米,主跨为120米的双肋石拱桥,腹拱为9孔13米。主拱圈由两条分离式矩形石肋和8条钢筋砼横系梁组成。该桥是目前世界上跨径最大的石拱桥。1990年建成通车。</h3> <h3><br></h3><h3>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 混凝土空心预制块拱桥----河源东江大桥 · 广东</h3><h3>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;全长420.06米,为6孔50米跨悬砌拱桥,拱矢度1/6,砼空心预制块拱圈采用横向悬砌法施工。</h3> <h3>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;横向悬砌工艺是将拱圈横向分成若干条拱肋,中间一条拱肋(基肋)可在简易支架上拼装,也可用缆索无支架吊装。基肋合拢后,以基肋为支承,向两侧逐肋横向悬臂拼砌,分肋合拢。 1972年建成通车。</h3> <h3><b><br></b></h3><h3><b>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 2.2.3 &nbsp;钢筋混凝土桥</b></h3><h3><b><br></b></h3><h3><b>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;具有钢筋混凝土结构的所有特点,优点是整体性好、结构刚度大、成本低;缺点是自重大、跨越能力差。</b></h3> <h3>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 玉树州青藏公路沱沱河桥&nbsp;</h3><h3>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;为24 孔11.36米、全长273.56米的钢筋砼排架桩T型梁装配式桥。海拔4700米,有“长江上游第一桥”的美称。1958年建成。</h3> <h3><br></h3><h3>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;永定河7号桥</h3><h3>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;全长217.98米,主跨150米的中承装配式钢筋混凝土拱桥,是当时亚洲跨度最大的钢筋混凝土拱桥。1966年建成。</h3> <h3><b><br></b></h3><h3><b>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;钢筋混凝土的材料强度不高、容重较大,当结构跨径增大时,其承载能力大部分消耗于结构自重,从而限制了它的跨越能力。除在拱桥结构和小型桥涵中尚有应用外,已为预应力混凝土所取代。</b></h3> <h3><b><br></b></h3><h3><b>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 2.2.4 &nbsp;预应力混凝土桥</b></h3><h3><b>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</b></h3><h3><b>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;是主要承重结构采用预应力钢筋混凝土结构的桥梁。自20世纪30年代出现以来不断取得巨大发展,在中、小跨度范围内现已占绝对优势,在大跨度范围内它正在同钢桥展开激烈竞争。</b></h3> <h3>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;沅水桥----预应力砼连续刚构桥 · 湖南 沅陵</h3><h3>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;全长767.3米,桥宽16米,主桥为4跨不对称预应力砼连续—刚构桥,最大跨径140米。桥墩为双肢薄壁柔性墩,最高达52.4米。1991年建成。</h3> <h3><b><br></b></h3><h3><b>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;2.2.5 &nbsp;钢结构桥</b></h3><h3><b>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;钢材强度高、刚度大,相对于砼桥可减小梁高和自重。钢材的各向同性,质地均匀,使桥在工作情况与计算图示假定比较符合;钢桥采用工厂制造、工地拼接,施工周期短,加工方便且不受季节影响。但钢桥的耐火性、耐腐蚀性差,维修,养护费用高。&nbsp;</b></h3> <h3 style="text-align: center;">上海外白渡桥----钢桁梁桥 &nbsp;1907年</h3> <h3 style="text-align: center;">英国福思湾----悬臂钢桁架桥 · 1889年</h3> <h3 style="text-align: center;">悉尼大桥 · 1932年</h3> <h1 style="text-align: center;"><b><font color="#167efb"><br></font></b></h1><h1 style="text-align: center;"><b><font color="#167efb">2.3 &nbsp;按单孔跨径或多孔总长分类</font></b></h1> <h1 style="text-align: center;"><b><font color="#167efb"><br></font></b></h1><h1 style="text-align: center;"><b><font color="#167efb">2.4 &nbsp;按桥跨结构分类</font></b></h1> <h1><b><font color="#ed2308">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;所有桥梁都可按结构形式分为:梁式桥、拱桥、刚构桥、斜拉桥、悬索桥等5类和组合体系桥。这是最主要的分类方法,是桥梁工程学习的重点。在下一节我们作详细介绍。</font></b></h1> <h3><b><br></b></h3><h3><b>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;此外,还有按跨越方式分类:可分为固定式桥梁、开启桥、浮桥、漫水桥等;</b></h3><h3><b>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</b></h3><h3><b>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;按施工方法分类:混凝土桥梁可分为整体式施工桥梁的和节段式施工桥梁。&nbsp;</b></h3> <h3 style="text-align: center;">海河开启桥----天津 · 2009年</h3> <h3 style="text-align: center;"><br></h3><h3 style="text-align: center;">漫水桥</h3>