that和which和that,定语从句

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<p class="ql-block">限制的围绕着一个单词,that和which都正确</p><p class="ql-block">非限定只能which,</p><p class="ql-block"><br></p><p class="ql-block">围绕着一个句子that</p> <p class="ql-block">定语从句,同位语which,内在属性which</p><p class="ql-block">外在的属性,不是自带的,that</p><p class="ql-block">宾语从句,that和what,单一可以互换</p><p class="ql-block">宾语从句,what是复数,一语双关</p> <p class="ql-block">The student incident in Kwangju—A mass anti-Japanese patriotic struggle of Korean students which started with a conflict between Korean and Japanese students in Kwangju, South Jolla Province in 1929, and spread across the country.为什么要加which,可以省略吗,如果省略有哪些歧义误解</p> <p class="ql-block">要明确“定语从句只能用that、用which语法错误”的句子,核心是抓住只能用that不能用which的5类核心场景——每类场景下用which会违反语法规则,必须用that才正确。以下是具体规则、错误例句(用which)与正确例句(用that)的对比:</p><p class="ql-block"> </p><p class="ql-block">一、先行词被最高级修饰时,用which错误,必须用that</p><p class="ql-block"> </p><p class="ql-block">规则:</p><p class="ql-block"> </p><p class="ql-block">先行词前有形容词最高级(如best, most important, worst等),定语从句只能用that引导。</p><p class="ql-block"> </p><p class="ql-block">- 错误句(用which):The most interesting book which I’ve read this year is Klara and the Sun.</p><p class="ql-block">- 正确句(用that):The most interesting book that I’ve read this year is Klara and the Sun.</p><p class="ql-block">(译文:我今年读过的最有趣的书是《克拉拉与太阳》。)</p><p class="ql-block"> </p><p class="ql-block">二、先行词被序数词(first, second, last等)修饰时,用which错误,必须用that</p><p class="ql-block"> </p><p class="ql-block">规则:</p><p class="ql-block"> </p><p class="ql-block">先行词前有序数词限定“顺序”,定语从句只能用that引导。</p><p class="ql-block"> </p><p class="ql-block">- 错误句(用which):The first lesson which our teacher taught us was about grammar.</p><p class="ql-block">- 正确句(用that):The first lesson that our teacher taught us was about grammar.</p><p class="ql-block">(译文:老师教我们的第一节课是语法课。)</p><p class="ql-block"> </p><p class="ql-block">三、先行词被the only/the very/the same等限定词修饰时,用which错误,必须用that</p><p class="ql-block"> </p><p class="ql-block">规则:</p><p class="ql-block"> </p><p class="ql-block">这些限定词强调“唯一性”或“特指”,此时定语从句只能用that。</p><p class="ql-block"> </p><p class="ql-block">- 错误句(用which):This is the very pen which I lost yesterday.</p><p class="ql-block">- 正确句(用that):This is the very pen that I lost yesterday.</p><p class="ql-block">(译文:这正是我昨天丢的那支笔。)</p><p class="ql-block">- 错误句(用which):He is the only student which passed the math exam.</p><p class="ql-block">- 正确句(用that):He is the only student that passed the math exam.</p><p class="ql-block">(译文:他是唯一通过数学考试的学生。)</p><p class="ql-block"> </p><p class="ql-block">四、先行词是不定代词(all, nothing, everything, anything, something等)时,用which错误,必须用that</p><p class="ql-block"> </p><p class="ql-block">规则:</p><p class="ql-block"> </p><p class="ql-block">不定代词没有明确指代“具体事物”,定语从句只能用that引导(特例:something后偶尔可用which,但日常语法中that更规范,考试中需用that)。</p><p class="ql-block"> </p><p class="ql-block">- 错误句(用which):All which I need is a cup of hot tea.</p><p class="ql-block">- 正确句(用that):All that I need is a cup of hot tea.</p><p class="ql-block">(译文:我只需要一杯热茶。)</p><p class="ql-block">- 错误句(用which):Nothing which he said at the meeting was useful.</p><p class="ql-block">- 正确句(用that):Nothing that he said at the meeting was useful.</p><p class="ql-block">(译文:他在会上说的话没一句有用。)</p><p class="ql-block"> </p><p class="ql-block">五、先行词既有人又有物时,用which错误,必须用that</p><p class="ql-block"> </p><p class="ql-block">规则:</p><p class="ql-block"> </p><p class="ql-block">先行词同时包含“人”和“物”(如people and places, teachers and books),定语从句只能用that引导(which只能指代“物”,无法同时指代“人+物”)。</p><p class="ql-block"> </p><p class="ql-block">- 错误句(用which):We talked about the teachers and classes which we loved in high school.</p><p class="ql-block">- 正确句(用that):We talked about the teachers and classes that we loved in high school.</p><p class="ql-block">(译文:我们聊起了高中时喜欢的老师和课程。)</p><p class="ql-block"> </p><p class="ql-block">核心总结:</p><p class="ql-block"> </p><p class="ql-block">只要符合“最高级/序数词/the only修饰、不定代词、人+物先行词”这5种情况,定语从句必须用that,用which就会犯语法错误——本质是因为that的指代范围更广(可指人/物/人+物),而which仅能指代“物”,且无法适配强调性限定词(如the very)。</p><p class="ql-block"> </p><p class="ql-block">需要我针对某类规则(比如“不定代词作先行词”)再补充更多对比例句,帮你巩固记忆吗?</p> <p class="ql-block">同位语</p> <p class="ql-block">这个句子 语法结构正确,但逻辑上不恰当,是一个“语法正确但不好”的句子。</p><p class="ql-block"><br></p><p class="ql-block">---</p><p class="ql-block"><br></p><p class="ql-block">问题分析</p><p class="ql-block"><br></p><p class="ql-block">问题出在定语从句 “that is one of the world's wonders” 的使用上。</p><p class="ql-block"><br></p><p class="ql-block">这个从句是一个限制性定语从句,它的作用是限定、缩小其修饰名词的范围,从众多同类事物中挑出“某一个”或“某一些”。</p><p class="ql-block"><br></p><p class="ql-block">· 原句逻辑:The Great Wall that is one of the world's wonders...</p><p class="ql-block"> 这暗示着存在 “不是世界奇迹的长城” 和 “是世界奇迹的长城”,而我们现在特指后者。</p><p class="ql-block">· 现实逻辑:长城作为一个整体,本身就是公认的世界奇迹。不存在“不是世界奇迹的长城”。因此,这个从句提供的不是“限定性”信息,而是“补充说明”的常识性信息。</p><p class="ql-block"><br></p><p class="ql-block">如何修改?</p><p class="ql-block"><br></p><p class="ql-block">对于这种提供补充性、常识性信息的从句,应该使用非限制性定语从句,并用逗号与主句隔开。</p><p class="ql-block"><br></p><p class="ql-block">最佳修改方案:</p><p class="ql-block"><br></p><p class="ql-block">The Great Wall, which is one of the world's wonders, attracts millions of visitors.</p><p class="ql-block">(长城,它是世界奇迹之一,吸引着数百万游客。)</p><p class="ql-block"><br></p><p class="ql-block">这个修改的好处:</p><p class="ql-block"><br></p><p class="ql-block">· 逻辑正确:从句 “, which is...” 作为补充信息,不再具有限定性,符合“长城本身就是世界奇迹”的常识。</p><p class="ql-block">· 结构清晰:逗号将主干信息“长城吸引游客”和补充信息“它是世界奇迹”清晰地分开,读起来更流畅。</p><p class="ql-block"><br></p><p class="ql-block">其他正确的表达方式:</p><p class="ql-block"><br></p><p class="ql-block">· As one of the world's wonders, the Great Wall attracts millions of visitors.</p><p class="ql-block"> (作为世界奇迹之一,长城吸引着数百万游客。)</p><p class="ql-block">· The Great Wall is one of the world's wonders and (it) attracts millions of visitors.</p><p class="ql-block"> (长城是世界奇迹之一,它吸引着数百万游客。)</p><p class="ql-block"><br></p><p class="ql-block">---</p><p class="ql-block"><br></p><p class="ql-block">总结</p><p class="ql-block"><br></p><p class="ql-block">原句 问题 推荐修改</p><p class="ql-block">The Great Wall that is one of the world's wonders attracts... 语法正确,但逻辑不当,暗示存在“非奇迹的长城” The Great Wall, which is one of the world's wonders, attracts...</p><p class="ql-block"><br></p><p class="ql-block">结论:</p><p class="ql-block">请使用修改后的句子:The Great Wall, which is one of the world's wonders, attracts millions of visitors.这个版本在语法和逻辑上都无懈可击。</p> <p class="ql-block">宾语从句</p>