<p class="ql-block">苏州技忆馆</p> <p class="ql-block">前言</p><p class="ql-block">FOREWORD</p><p class="ql-block">物阜民丰、文化繁荣的苏州，凡金银琉璃绮彩锦绣之属，无不极其精巧，概之曰“苏作”。</p><p class="ql-block">苏作技艺是文人精神的产物，更是江南文化的典范。</p><p class="ql-block">苏之巧甲于天下，“苏人以为雅者，则四方随而雅之，俗者，则随而俗之”，苏作举凡琢玉、雕金、镂木、刻竹、髹漆、装潢、针绣之类，无不引领时尚潮流。文人荟聚的苏州，以浓郁的文化气息造就了巧夺造化的苏作技艺。苏作技艺，神乎其技，明清时人一致认为，苏州百工技艺他处无法比拟。</p><p class="ql-block">明清时期的苏作技艺引领社会风尚，随着大量的苏州工匠进入宫廷，竹木牙角雕刻和缂丝苏绣等技艺从民间走向宫廷，推动了整个中国传统手工艺的发展。苏作玉雕供于桌案，苏式家具置于厅堂，苏绣缂丝饰于朝袍⋯江南文化的精细文雅通过苏作技艺被体现得淋漓尽致。</p><p class="ql-block">今日的苏作技艺依然故我，秉承传统，不忘创新，伴随时代发展，见证时代变迁，盛世中万</p><p class="ql-block">千花开。</p><p class="ql-block">走近苏作，感悟苏州。</p><p class="ql-block">Suzhou is abundant in natural resources and featured with cultural achievements, where people live a well-off life.</p><p class="ql-block">Handicrafts thus are extremely exquisite and delicate, which are endowed with the reputation of 'Suzhou Craftsman-ship, a fruit of literati consciousness and also a real model of Jiangnan culture.</p><p class="ql-block">Suzhou crafts are considered to be second to none in the nationwide. Thus, the general public's opinion regarding whether an artwork is elegant or vulgar goes along with what Suzhou residents say. From jade polishing, gold casting, wood carving, bamboo engraving, lacquer coating to decoration and embroidery, every category of Suzhou crafts leads the fashion trend now and then. Suzhou, where literati have gathered around, has become the birthplace of its magical craftsmanship due to the strong social sense of humanity. General public by then all agreed that the superb techniques of Suzhou handicrafts were unparalleled over the country.</p><p class="ql-block">Suzhou craftsmanship played a dominant role during Ming and Qing Dynasty. Due to the large recruitment of Suzhou craftsmen for the court, various folk crafts won popularity in the royal court, which promoted the development of the whole Chinese traditional handicrafts. Carved jades produced in Suzhou were displayed on the table, furniture of Suzhou style placed in the hall, embroidered silk tapestry from Suzhou decorated on court attire. The refinement and elegance of Jiangnan culture were demonstrated to the fullest.</p><p class="ql-block">At present,</p><p class="ql-block">Suzhou craftsmanship still keeps its reminiscence while adhering to the tradition and striving for</p><p class="ql-block">innovation. As time goes by, it will witness the changes over generations, and present more prosperity in such a grandiose era.</p><p class="ql-block">Let us approach Suzhou craftsmanship and feel the soul of Suzhou city.</p> <p class="ql-block">雕玲珑</p><p class="ql-block">EXQUISITE CARVINGS</p><p class="ql-block">明清时期的苏州，是全国经济文化最发达的城市，商贾辐辏，百货齐聚，工技比户，物通南北，文化昌盛。技艺活动不再是手工匠人的专属，越来越多的文人士大夫也参与进来，使技术意向与艺术理想得以和谐统一。苏作工艺风尚高雅，巧夺天工，已然成为全国的楷模。时至今日，竹、木、牙、角、玉等各类雕刻工艺仍以精巧玲珑的技法和高雅空灵的审美引领工艺美术的潮流与时尚。</p><p class="ql-block">Suzhou was the most advanced city of China during the Ming and Qing Dynasties, for its developed economy, various commodities, skillful techniques, nationwide tradings and cultural prosperity. Handicraft productions were no longer exclusive to craftsmen, more and more literati and scholars got involved to connect the technical intentions and artistic ideals in a harmonious way, making the Suzhou handicrafts a real model for the country with its elegant craftsmanship and ingenuity. Up to the present, carvings based on bamboo, wood, ivory, rhinoceros horn, jade etc., still lead the trend and fashion of arts and crafts with exquisite techniques and ethereal aesthetic tastes.</p> <p class="ql-block">石之美者</p><p class="ql-block">玉雕 JADE CARVINGS</p><p class="ql-block">苏州琢玉历史可追溯至新石器时代的良渚文化。春秋时期，吴国玉</p><p class="ql-block">器制作已达到相当高的水平。苏州在唐、五代时就有关于琢玉工坊和知名艺人的记载。北宋朝廷曾在苏州设立造作局，有玉匠专为朝廷制作玉</p><p class="ql-block">器。苏作玉雕在明清两代进入黄金时期，当时的制玉技术中心亦是苏州，乾隆帝曾多次赋诗夸赞专诸巷玉工：“专诸巷中多妙手”“专诸巷里工匠纷”…，此后的苏作玉雕虽有起伏，但仍延续辉煌，长盛不衰。</p> <p class="ql-block">白玉大象</p><p class="ql-block">清 乾隆</p><p class="ql-block">White Jade Elephant</p><p class="ql-block">Qianlong Period, Qing Dynasty</p><p class="ql-block">(1736 - 1795 A.D.)</p><p class="ql-block">以整块硕大白玉籽料圆雕而成。象作向右回首站立状，体态肥硕，臀上趴一童子作嬉戏状，神态怡然，生动有趣。象虽体形庞大，但性情随和，温文尔雅，乃兽中“德高望重”者。“象”又与“祥”同音，有“太平有象”“万象更新”“吉祥平安”的美好寓意。此件玉雕大象材美工巧，足以代表清中期玉雕之高度。</p> <p class="ql-block">白玉螭虎圆盖瓶</p><p class="ql-block">清中期</p><p class="ql-block">White Jade Bottle with Hornless-dragon</p><p class="ql-block">Design and a Round Lid</p><p class="ql-block">Mid Qing Dynasty</p><p class="ql-block">(1736 - 1850 A.D.)</p> <p class="ql-block">白玉透雕缠枝花纹瓶</p><p class="ql-block">清 乾隆</p><p class="ql-block">White Jade Openwork Vase with Flowers.</p><p class="ql-block">Qianlong Period, Qing Dynasty</p><p class="ql-block">(1736 - 1795 A.D.)</p> <p class="ql-block">陆子冈</p><p class="ql-block">LU ZIGANG</p><p class="ql-block">陆子冈，又称陆子刚，苏州太仓人，明嘉靖、万历年间的治玉名家，是苏州玉雕的代表人物。</p><p class="ql-block">“略有风情陈妙常，绝无烟火杜兰香。昆吾锋尽终难似，愁杀苏州陆子刚。”“今吾吴中陆子刚之治玉、鲍天成之治犀、朱碧山之治银⋯皆比常价再倍，而其人至有与缰绅坐者。”</p><p class="ql-block">“吴中如贺四、李文甫、陆子冈，皆后来继出高手，第所刻必以白玉、琥珀、水晶、玛瑙等为佳器。”</p><p class="ql-block">“雕玉器，凡玉器类砂碾，五十年前，州人有陆子冈者，用刀雕刻，遂擅绝。</p><p class="ql-block">今所遗玉簪，价一枝值五六十金。子冈死，技亦不传。”</p> <p class="ql-block">白玉双龙耳圆杯</p><p class="ql-block">清 乾隆</p><p class="ql-block">White Jade Round Cups with Two-Dragon Handles</p><p class="ql-block">Qianlong Period, Qing Dynasty</p><p class="ql-block">(1736 - 1795 A.D.)</p><p class="ql-block">玉色晶莹白润。敞口，狐壁，深腹，圈足外撇。外壁两侧各雕出一条螭龙，形态相同，对称为耳。螭龙作向上匍爬之状，体态极为生动。在龙脊及后足外潜处有少量浅酱色玉皮，作巧色装饰。此杯造型古朴沉稳，纹饰典雅，线条圆润流畅，是清中期玉雕中的精品。</p> <p class="ql-block">技冠天下</p><p class="ql-block">BEST OF THE NATION</p><p class="ql-block">『良玉虽集京师，工巧则推苏郡。』苏州玉雕以玉之温润、工之精巧独树一帜。苏州玉匠进京，将苏作技艺带进宫廷，实现了技艺的南北交流，为中国玉文化创造了辉煌灿烂的历史。</p><p class="ql-block"><br></p> <p class="ql-block">白玉瓜瓞绵绵烟壶</p><p class="ql-block">清 乾隆</p><p class="ql-block">White Jade Snuff Bottle in the Shape of a Melon with Vines</p><p class="ql-block">Qianlong Period, Oing Dynasty (1736-1795 A.D.)</p> <p class="ql-block">子冈牌俗称四六牌，一面诗文，一面绘画，并镌名款，均为浅浮雕阳文，落款多为“子冈”或“子刚”。子冈牌虽无确切记载是陆子冈本人所创，但在明代中叶以后己成为玉雕行业的一个代表性款式。</p> <p class="ql-block">白玉苏堤春晓山子</p><p class="ql-block">清 乾隆</p><p class="ql-block">White Jade Ornament with the Scenery of Spring Dawn on the Su Causeway</p><p class="ql-block">Olantong Period, Oing Dynasty</p> <p class="ql-block">白玉琢凤凰带盖瓶</p><p class="ql-block">清</p><p class="ql-block">White Jade Vase with Carved Phoenix and a Lid</p> <p class="ql-block">白玉螭虎高口大洗</p><p class="ql-block">明</p><p class="ql-block">White Jade High Necked Basi with Hornless Dragons</p><p class="ql-block">Ming Dynasty (1368-1644， A D.)</p> <p class="ql-block">苏作玉雕讲究因材施艺，琢工精细，以小件为主，题材多为花卉、人物、乌兽等，均选材精良，构思精巧，造型精美，琢磨精致，新颖而富有创造力，具有“精、细、雅、巧”的艺术特色。</p> <p class="ql-block">翡翠巧琢喜鹊梅花洗子</p><p class="ql-block">清</p><p class="ql-block">Jadeite Brush Washer with Magpies and Plum Blessóms</p><p class="ql-block">Oing Dynasty</p> <p class="ql-block">粉皮青玉佛手</p><p class="ql-block">清</p><p class="ql-block">Grey Jade of a Finger Cition Fruit</p><p class="ql-block">Oing Dynasty（1644-1911 AD）</p> <p class="ql-block">青玉仙鹤回首摆件</p><p class="ql-block">清</p><p class="ql-block">Grey Jade Ornament ol</p><p class="ql-block">Canes Turning Around Head</p><p class="ql-block">Wing Dynasty</p><p class="ql-block">(1644 - 1911 A.D.)</p> <p class="ql-block">带钩即古人腰带连接使用的带扣，通常由钩首、钩身、钩纽组成，玉带钩为其中较为珍贵的一种。玉带钩造型优美，材质温润，玲珑别致，兼具实用和审美价值。元代带钩钩首扁而长，螭与龙首距离最远，螭紧贴于钩身，钩纽造型多样。明代带钩上龙、螭具有虾米眼、如意鼻、叶形耳、短髭发等特点。清代带钩龙首有寿星额、锯齿形眉，钩身下承扁圆形纽，与钩身距离极近。</p> <p class="ql-block">各式白玉带钩</p> <p class="ql-block">（9）白玉双猫 清</p><p class="ql-block">（10）田黄卧马 清</p><p class="ql-block">Tanhuang Stone Carved, in the Shape of a Lying Horse </p><p class="ql-block">Oing Dynasty</p><p class="ql-block">（1644-1911 AD.)</p> <p class="ql-block">姑苏妙手</p><p class="ql-block">GUSU MASTERS</p><p class="ql-block">『专诸卷中多妙事，琢磨无事太璞。』清代造办处玉匠的核心技术成员大都来自苏州专诸巷。从清雍正时期开始就陆续有玉匠被征调到造办处服务，乾隆一朝见于记载的苏州玉匠就有近四十人。</p> <p class="ql-block">白玉粉皮青色饕餮纹簋</p><p class="ql-block">清</p><p class="ql-block">White Jade Gul-vessel with the Pattern of Taotle</p><p class="ql-block">Wing Dynasty</p><p class="ql-block">(1644-1911 AD.).</p> <p class="ql-block">白玉菱花形饰片</p><p class="ql-block">清</p><p class="ql-block">White Jade Decorative Ornaments with Flowers, Oing Dynasty</p><p class="ql-block">(1644 - 1911 A.D.)</p> <p class="ql-block">（2）粉皮青玉三桃摆件 清中期</p><p class="ql-block">Grey Jade Ornament with Three Peaches</p><p class="ql-block">Mid Qing Dynasty</p><p class="ql-block">(1736 - 1850 A.D.)</p><p class="ql-block">（3）碧玉花囊 清</p><p class="ql-block"><br></p> <p class="ql-block">白玉双蝠桃洗</p><p class="ql-block">清乾隆</p><p class="ql-block">Peach Shaped Brush Washer with Two Bats</p><p class="ql-block">Clanlong Period Oing Dynasty,</p><p class="ql-block">（1236-1795 A.D.）</p> <p class="ql-block">玉见子冈</p><p class="ql-block">LEGACY OF ZIGANG</p><p class="ql-block">1949年以后，苏州市政府十分重视玉器行业的恢复和发展，1956年建立了苏州玉石雕刻生产合作社，1958年合作社改苏州玉石雕刻厂，苏作玉雕重新崛起并发展壮大。现今苏州从事玉雕业的人数已逾数万，涌现出一批全国著名的工艺美术大师。同时，苏州举办的“子冈杯”等赛事引领了苏作玉雕从传统制作型向艺术创作型的华丽转身，产生了辐射全国的效应。</p> <p class="ql-block">竹镂文心</p><p class="ql-block">BAMBOO CARVINGS</p><p class="ql-block">竹刻</p><p class="ql-block">竹刻艺术是『文人艺术」，兴起于明代嘉定地区，在明代中期形成金陵、嘉定两个主要流派，与苏州都有密切的关系。</p> <p class="ql-block">竹刻流派</p><p class="ql-block">竹刻艺术至明代中期开始成熟，形成诸如以“深浮雕、透雕”为特色的嘉定竹刻，以“简刻、浅刻”为特色的金陵竹刻，以“留青雕”为特色的浙派竹刻等多种流派，具备鲜明的地方特色和审美价值。</p> <p class="ql-block">文人刻竹</p><p class="ql-block">清初至乾隆年间，竹刻大家在技法上有创新，影响较著者有吴之璠、封锡禄、周颢、潘西凤等人。</p><p class="ql-block">嘉定文人周颢是竹刻史一关键人物。</p><p class="ql-block">周颢工画而兼竹刻，以书入画，以画法施之刻竹，用刀如用笔，是融南宗画法入竹刻的第一人。其刀法有继承，有创新，更有遗响。清代后期，竹刻山水多法南宗。</p> <p class="ql-block">竹刻仕女笔筒 明</p> <p class="ql-block">潘西凤刻竹根长方天然式章</p><p class="ql-block">清</p><p class="ql-block">王和先生捐赠</p><p class="ql-block">Carved Cuboid Seal Made of Bamboo Root</p><p class="ql-block">Pan Xiệng</p><p class="ql-block"> Qing Dynasty</p><p class="ql-block">(1644 - 1911-A D</p><p class="ql-block">Donated by Mr. Wang He</p> <p class="ql-block">吴门竹刻</p><p class="ql-block">清中后期，苏州折扇工艺的兴盛促进了苏作竹刻的发展。苏作竹刻擅于以刀代笔，以画法入刻，结合吴门画派的艺术特色逐渐形成了以浅刻技法为主的吴门竹刻风格。</p> <p class="ql-block">湛谷生制《赤壁赋》核舟</p><p class="ql-block">清</p><p class="ql-block">Boat Carved from an Olive Pit Based on Visit to the Red Cliff</p><p class="ql-block">Zhan Gusheng</p><p class="ql-block">Qing Dynasty</p><p class="ql-block">(1644 - 1911 A.D.)</p> <p class="ql-block">神工巧作</p><p class="ql-block">WOOD CARVINGS</p><p class="ql-block">木雕</p><p class="ql-block">苏州的巧木作在明清时期享有盛名，多用紫檀、花梨、酸枝等高档硬木，以造型优美、气韵雅重、雕工精细、打磨纯熟见长。</p> <p class="ql-block">大型象牙雕刻“满堂佛” 现代</p> <p class="ql-block">明代中叶以后的苏州号称“奢靡为天下最”“天下</p><p class="ql-block">财货莫胜于苏州”，这极大地促进了建筑装饰和赏玩类小术作的发展。明万历年间已有许多专业作坊，如“板方则是袁友竹，回旋则是邬四，皆一时之良工”。</p><p class="ql-block">清代则称“雕工随处有之，宁国、徽州、苏州最盛，亦最巧。”如屏、座、盒、箱、牌、架、镜奁等，常以浮雕、透雕装饰，或镶嵌螺钿、瘿木、白玉等，皆技法精纯且极富审美意趣。</p> <p class="ql-block">千文万华</p><p class="ql-block">漆 雕 LACQUER CARVINGS</p><p class="ql-block">明代隆庆年间的著名漆器艺人黄成撰写了《髹饰录》，总结了明代漆器制作方法，后嘉兴西塘的漆器艺人杨明为其注解并撰序曰：“今之工法⋯⋯于此千文万华，纷然不可胜识矣。”可见明代漆器产量之大，制造之精，品种之多，远胜前代。</p> <p class="ql-block">黑漆包银里各式酒杯</p><p class="ql-block">清 康熙</p><p class="ql-block">Black Lacquered Wine Glasses with Silver Liner Kangxi Period, Qing Dynasty</p><p class="ql-block">(1662 - 1722 A.D.)</p> <p class="ql-block">螺钿嵌玉金扣腰圆盒</p><p class="ql-block">清 康熙</p><p class="ql-block">张逸侪先生捐赠</p><p class="ql-block">Gold Buckle Round Box Inlaid with Mother of Pearl and Jade Knot Kangxi Period, Oing Dynasty</p><p class="ql-block">(1662 - 1722 A.D.)</p><p class="ql-block">Donated by Mr. Zhang Yichai</p> <p class="ql-block">砚田乐岁</p><p class="ql-block">砚 雕 INKSTONES</p><p class="ql-block">汉代发明了人工制墨，砚台也相应得到发展，除石砚外更有铜砚、陶砚、银砚、木胎漆砂砚等等，唐代出现了端石和歙石两大砚材。中国古代名砚以甘肃洮河砚、广东端砚、安徽歙砚、山西</p><p class="ql-block">澄泥砚、东北松花砚、山东红丝砚等著称于世，这些名砚皆以各自产地及石材的不同而命名。</p><p class="ql-block">文人赏砚、藏砚或论砚向来极为风雅，苏轼、米芾是宋代藏砚的代表，明代项元汴、董其昌以藏砚著称。及至清代，高凤翰著《砚史》，乾隆帝命大学士于敏中奉旨遴选内府藏砚，纂修《西</p><p class="ql-block">清砚谱》并加以绘图注文，收录及藏砚之风达到鼎盛。</p> <p class="ql-block">周村豪制紫檀木嵌银丝牡丹宫扇</p><p class="ql-block">二十世纪九十年代</p><p class="ql-block">Zhou Cunhao</p><p class="ql-block">Red Sandalwood Palace Fan Inlaid with Silver Wires with Peony Pattern</p> <p class="ql-block">陈鸿制拉烫檀香扇群仙祝寿</p> <p class="ql-block">象牙框拉烫檀香宫扇“观音”</p><p class="ql-block">二十世纪八十年代</p> <p class="ql-block">琢绮丽</p><p class="ql-block">GORGEOUS HANDICRAFTS</p><p class="ql-block">芳州人既繁且慧，物产益多，人性益巧，苏州的社会基础和人文环境不断滋养着苏作工艺。灿若云锦的苏州手工艺，举凡雕镂涂漆，女红织作，无不极尽工巧，足夺造化，时人一致认为，苏州百工技艺他处无法比拟。“四方贵吴器，而吴益工于器”，苏州人以自身趋时应求的精神和儇巧异常的匠心雕琢了一个繁华绮丽的手工艺之都。</p> <p class="ql-block">环佩叮当</p><p class="ql-block">GOLD AND SILVER WARE</p><p class="ql-block">金银器</p><p class="ql-block">明清时期苏州为一等风流繁华富贵地，苏州设计制作的金银饰品饮誉四方，银楼最多时可达一百余家，较大者有恒孚、老万年、天宝楼等，此时的制作工艺已有簪花、收挑、包金、镀金、累丝、点翠、发蓝、套色等多种。</p> <p class="ql-block">（未完待续）</p>