<p class="ql-block">倡导有用的学术文化</p> <p class="ql-block">在《增长的文化：现代经济的起源》中，乔尔·莫基尔对现代经济增长的根源提出了以下新观点：</p><p class="ql-block">- 文化变革是核心驱动力：现代经济的起源及爆炸性增长，源于一场深刻的“文化变革”。是人们对知识、进步和创新的信念与态度，最终驱动了持续的技术变革和经济繁荣，而非仅仅是经济利益或制度安排。</p><p class="ql-block">- “有用知识”的关键作用：莫基尔认为，工业革命之前的经济增长主要是被贸易、更有效的市场以及更完善的资源分配所驱动，而现代经济的增长则主要是由“有用知识”的广泛应用所驱动。这种知识不再是用来注释经典的，而是用来改善生活、创造财富的，它通过观察、实验和实证获得，并以开放、共享的态度传播。</p><p class="ql-block">- 思想市场的重要性：早期现代的欧洲是一个高度竞争的“思想市场”，这里允许自由思考、辩论和知识交流，没有唯一的真理仲裁者。各种学说激烈交锋，使得创新更容易诞生并扩散，为科学活动提供了资金、声望和社会合法性，为后来的专业科学家铺平了道路。</p><p class="ql-block">- 启蒙运动的推动：18世纪欧洲的启蒙运动为现代经济增长提供了必要的思想准备。启蒙思想家们推崇理性、科学、进步与个人自由，这些理念逐渐渗透到社会各个层面，创造了一种“进步信念”，即人类能够通过知识积累与技术改进不断改善自身境况，这种信念本身就是推动经济增长的强大动力。</p><p class="ql-block">- 开放包容的文化特质：欧洲文化具有对外来知识的极度开放和“抄袭”意愿。大航海时代后，欧洲人如饥似渴地吸收着全世界的有用知识，并在此基础上进行改进和创新，这种开放包容的态度使他们能够不断获取新的知识和技术，为经济增长提供了丰富的养分。</p> <p class="ql-block">中文字幕</p> <p class="ql-block">In The Culture of Growth: The Origins of the Modern Economy, Joel Mokyr puts forward the following new perspectives on the root causes of modern economic growth:</p><p class="ql-block"> </p><p class="ql-block">- Cultural change is the core driver: The origin and explosive growth of the modern economy stem from a profound "cultural change". It is people's beliefs and attitudes towards knowledge, progress and innovation that ultimately drive sustained technological change and economic prosperity, rather than merely economic interests or institutional arrangements.</p><p class="ql-block">- The key role of "useful knowledge": Mokyr argues that economic growth before the Industrial Revolution was mainly driven by trade, more efficient markets and better resource allocation, while modern economic growth is mainly driven by the widespread application of "useful knowledge". This kind of knowledge is no longer used to annotate classics, but to improve life and create wealth. It is acquired through observation, experiment and empirical evidence, and spread with an open and shared attitude.</p><p class="ql-block">- The importance of the market for ideas: Early modern Europe was a highly competitive "market for ideas", where free thinking, debate and knowledge exchange were allowed, and there was no single arbiter of truth. The fierce confrontation of various doctrines made it easier for innovations to emerge and spread, providing funds, prestige and social legitimacy for scientific activities, and paving the way for professional scientists later.</p><p class="ql-block">- The impetus of the Enlightenment: The European Enlightenment in the 18th century provided the necessary ideological preparation for modern economic growth. Enlightenment thinkers advocated reason, science, progress and individual freedom. These ideas gradually penetrated into all levels of society, creating a "belief in progress" — that human beings can continuously improve their own conditions through knowledge accumulation and technological improvement, and this belief itself is a powerful driving force for economic growth.</p><p class="ql-block">- The cultural trait of openness and inclusiveness: European culture has an extremely open attitude towards foreign knowledge and a willingness to "copy". After the Age of Discovery, Europeans eagerly absorbed useful knowledge from all over the world, and made improvements and innovations on this basis. This open and inclusive attitude enabled them to continuously acquire new knowledge and technology, providing rich nutrients for economic growth.</p> <p class="ql-block">英文字幕</p>