献祭雅典娜的卫城，（中英文）

蔡记

Journey to Greece

the Acropolis where Athena was

音乐：盛中国小提琴独奏《沉思》

Music: Sheng Zhonghua Violin Solo "Contemplation"

卫城（Acropolis）在希腊首都雅典（Athens）享有至尊无上的地位。

它位于市中心岩壁峭立的高台地上，其希腊语意为“高处的城市”。

The Acropolis enjoys an unparalleled status in the Greek capital of Athens.

It is located on a high plateau with steep rock walls in the center of the city, and its Greek meaning is' the city of high places'.

卫城西北面

从雅典古市集眺望

From the north of the Acropolis,
overlooking the ancient market of Athens

卫城始建于公元前580年。雅典人建造庞大的神庙献祭希腊神话中的智慧女神、战神与守护神雅典娜（Athena）。

The Acropolis was first built in 580 BC. The Athenians built massive temples to offer sacrifices to Athena, the goddess of wisdom, war goddess, and guardian deity in Greek mythology.

卫城东南面

从卫城东入口眺望

Looking southeast from the east

entrance of the Acropolis

雅典娜常以战神形象示人：头戴盔冠，上身裙覆胸甲，右手执镀金长矛，左手持金流苏盾牌。

Athena often presents herself in the image of a war god: wearing a helmet and crown on her head, wearing a skirt and chest armor on her upper body, holding a gold-plated spear in her right hand, and a gold tassel shield in her left hand.

摄于雅典国家科学院

Taken at the National Academy of Sciences in Athens

卫城东南侧有2009年落成的卫城博物馆新馆，收藏卫城及周边出土的文物，其中有不少关于雅典娜的文物。

石刻。赫拉（Hera，众神之王宙斯Zeus之妻，左）和雅典娜（右），传说两人是闺蜜。

On the southeast side of the Acropolis, there is a new building called the Acropolis Museum, which was completed in 2009. It collects cultural relics unearthed from the Acropolis and its surrounding areas, including many about Athena.

Stone Carving. Hera (wife of Zeus, king of the gods, left) and Athena (right) are said to be best friends.

摄于卫城博物馆
Taken at the Acropolis Museum

彩陶。戴盔冠的雅典娜（左）和坐着的雅典娜（右）。

Colored pottery. Athena wearing a helmet (left) and Athena sitting (right).

摄于卫城博物馆
Taken at the Acropolis Museum

彩陶残片。

戴盔冠执长矛的雅典娜（上图），公元前500年。

执长矛坐战车的雅典娜（图下左），公元前6世纪后。

持盾牌的雅典娜（图下右），其胸甲刻有美杜莎（Medusa，希腊神话的蛇发女妖）的蛇发纹饰，公元前6世纪后。

Painted pottery fragments.

Athena wearing a helmet and holding a spear (pictured above), 500 BC.

Athena, wielding a spear and riding a chariot (bottom left), after the 6th century BC.

Athena holding a shield (bottom right), with Medusa (Greek mythological serpent haired succubus) carved on her chest armor, after the 6th century BC.

摄于卫城博物馆
Taken at the Acropolis Museum

雅典娜的另一形象是女工，传授人类纺织、烹饪、园艺、陶艺等工艺和绘画、音乐、诗歌、舞蹈等艺术。

Another image of Athena is a female worker who teaches human crafts such as weaving, cooking, gardening, pottery, as well as art such as painting, music, poetry, and dance.

手拿纺锤传授纺织技艺的雅典娜
摄于卫城博物馆解说板
Athena, who held a spindle in her hand to teach textile skills
Taken on the explanatory board of the Acropolis Museum

步出卫城博物馆，“雅典娜大战巨人”雕像的巨幅宣传画映入眼帘。该雕像取材于希腊神话，是不许拍摄的镇馆之宝。

Stepping out of the Acropolis Museum, a huge promotional poster of the "Athena vs. Giants" statue comes into view. This statue is based on Greek mythology and is a treasure that cannot be photographed.

摄于卫城博物馆外墙
Taken on the exterior wall of the Acropolis Museum

进入卫城要攀登大理石台阶。台阶底部是伯雷门（Beulé Gate），台阶顶端是进入卫城的山门（Propylaea）。

To enter the Acropolis, one must climb the marble steps. At the bottom of the steps is the Beul é Gate, and at the top of the steps is the Propylaea, which leads into the Acropolis.

大理石台阶与山门模型

摄于卫城博物馆

Marble Steps and Mountain Gate Model

Taken at the Acropolis Museum

台阶南侧是雅典娜胜利神庙（Temple of Athena Nike），始建于公元前427~前424年，纪念雅典在波希战争中的胜利。殿内胜利女神雕像的双翼被去掉了，象征胜利不会飞走，因此神庙也称“无翼胜利女神殿”。

神庙东西立面各有4根爱奥尼克柱式柱廊，柱身纤细，有24条深凹槽，柱头有一对圆形涡卷，柱础是圆环面。爱奥尼克柱式以颀长秀挺、优雅高贵的气质被称为女性柱。

On the south side of the steps is the Temple of Athena Nike, built between 427 BC and 424 BC to commemorate Athens' victory in the Persian Wars. The wings of the Victory Goddess statue inside the temple have been removed, symbolizing that victory will not fly away, hence the temple is also known as the "Wineless Victory Goddess Temple".

There are four Ionic columned corridors on the east and west facades of the temple, with slender shafts and 24 deep grooves. The column heads have a pair of circular spirals, and the column bases are circular rings. The Ionic column is known as the feminine column due to its tall, elegant, and noble temperament.

山门建于公元前437~前432年，由主体及两翼建筑构成，如今只剩下五门柱廊建筑。

柱廊外侧是多立克柱式，柱身壮硕稍短，刻有20条浅凹槽，柱头有方形托檐石，柱身接地无柱础，因其简洁有力被称为男性柱。

The mountain gate was built between 437 BC and 432 BC, consisting of a main body and two wing buildings. Today, only five colonnade buildings remain.

The outer side of the colonnade is a Doric column with a sturdy and slightly short body, engraved with 20 shallow grooves. The column head has a square eave stone, and the column body is grounded without a column foundation. Due to its simplicity and strength, it is called a male column.

从卫城里看山门
Looking at the mountain gate from the Acropolis

柱廊内侧是爱奥尼克柱式。

两种柱式穿插混搭，古朴粗壮和纤细优雅并列，与卫城神庙的建筑风格相互呼应。

柱式和以柱式为基准的建筑模数，由此决定建筑形制及风格，是古希腊建筑对建筑史的贡献。

The inner side of the colonnade is an Ionic column.

Two types of columns are interspersed and mixed, with a combination of antique, robust, and slender elegance, echoing the architectural style of the Acropolis Temple.

The column style and the building module based on the column style determine the architectural form and style, which is the contribution of ancient Greek architecture to the history of architecture.

从卫城外看山门
Looking at the mountain gate from outside the Acropolis

透过山门柱廊可见右前方的帕特农神庙（Parthenon）了。

神庙的希腊语意为“处女”，源于雅典娜别名。

雅典娜终生不嫁，是处女与妇女生育的守护神。

Through the colonnade of the mountain gate, the Parthenon temple in the front right can be seen.

The Greek word for temple means' virgin ', derived from the alias Athena.

Athena remained unmarried throughout her life and was the guardian deity of virgins and women in childbirth.

出山门踏上泛雅典娜节日大道（Panathenaic Way），帕特农神庙在大道右侧，卫城的南边。

现存神庙建于公元前447年，9年后建成，又花6年完成各项雕刻，是供奉雅典娜的最大神殿。

Stepping out of the mountain gate onto the Panathenaic Way, the Parthenon Temple is located on the right side of the road, south of the Acropolis.

The existing temple was built in 447 BC, completed 9 years later, and took 6 years to complete various carvings. It is the largest temple dedicated to Athena.

帕特农神庙的西北角

The northwest corner of the Parthenon Temple

神庙背西朝东，呈长方形，耸立于三层台阶上。

柱廊环绕四周，由46根多立克柱式组成，东西两立面各8根，南北两侧各17根。

神庙建筑中包含多个比例关系，近似黄金比例。如建筑长度与宽度、柱高与建筑宽度、柱直径与柱高等。其柱距不是相等，为纠正视差有所调节。

The temple faces west to east and is rectangular in shape, standing on three levels of stairs.

The colonnade surrounds the surroundings and consists of 46 Doric columns, with 8 columns on each side of the east and west facades, and 17 columns on each side of the north and south.

The temple architecture contains multiple proportional relationships, similar to the golden ratio. Such as building length and width, column height and building width, column diameter and column height. The column spacing is not equal and has been adjusted to correct parallax.

帕特农神庙正面
即东立面
The front of the Parthenon Temple
The eastern facade

五世纪末，神庙被改造为教堂。

1204年第四次十字军东征占领雅典，神庙改为天主教堂。

在奥斯曼（土耳其）人统治希腊期间，神庙在1458年被改建成清真寺。

1687年威尼斯人围攻卫城，炮弹引爆了奥斯曼（土耳其）人储存神庙里的火药库，神庙遭严重损毁。

At the end of the fifth century, the temple was transformed into a church.

In 1204, during the Fourth Crusade, Athens was occupied and the temple was converted into a Catholic church.

During the Ottoman (Türkiye) rule of Greece, the temple was converted into a mosque in 1458.

In 1687, when the Venetians besieged the Acropolis, the cannonball detonated the gunpowder magazine in the Ottoman (Türkiye) temple, which was severely damaged.

帕特农神庙的东北角
The northeast corner of the Parthenon Temple

庙内原有雅典娜的金箔雕像，其脸部和手部用象牙雕刻而成。雕像在五世纪末被搬到君士坦丁堡，1204年毁于第四次十字军东征对该城的洗劫中。

The temple originally had a gold foil statue of Athena, whose face and hands were carved from ivory. The statue was moved to Constantinople at the end of the fifth century and was destroyed during the looting of the city by the Fourth Crusade in 1204.

帕特农神庙复原模型
摄于卫城博物馆

Restoration Model of Parthenon Temple
Taken at the Acropolis Museum

坡面屋顶两端与柱廊上面的三角形山墙被称为“山花”，是古希腊建筑的标志和西方古典建筑的构成元素。

山花两端即斜向挑檐与底部水平挑檐交汇处，有出水口及棕榈、荷花精美图案的浅雕。

The triangular mountain walls at both ends of the sloping roof and above the colonnade are called "mountain flowers", which are a symbol of ancient Greek architecture and a constituent element of Western classical architecture.

At the intersection of the sloping eaves at both ends of the mountain flower and the horizontal eaves at the bottom, there are water outlets and shallow carvings of exquisite patterns of palm and lotus flowers.

公元前570年左右

摄于卫城博物馆

Around 570 BC
Taken at the Acropolis Museum

三角形山花往往镶嵌神话故事或花卉图案的雕刻。

帕特农神庙正面（东立面）山花镶嵌的大型雕刻是“雅典娜诞生”故事。

Triangular mountain flowers are often carved with mythological stories or floral patterns.

The large carving inlaid with mountain flowers on the front (east) of the Parthenon Temple is the story of "Athena's Birth".

东立面山花的复原雕刻
摄于卫城博物馆
Restoration and Carving of Eastern Facade Mountain Flowers
Taken at the Acropolis Museum

中央是坐着的宙斯和站着的雅典娜，奥林匹斯山上的众神见证了雅典娜的诞生。

雅典娜是宙斯爱女，她从宙斯头颅蹦出来就是披坚执锐的美貌战神。

In the center are Zeus sitting and Athena standing, and the gods on Mount Olympus witnessed the birth of Athena.

Athena was Zeus's beloved daughter, and she jumped out of Zeus's head as a beautiful warrior with a strong and sharp armor.

东立面山花的复原雕刻（局部）
摄于卫城博物馆
Restoration carving of mountain flowers on the east facade (partial)
Taken at the Acropolis Museum

神庙背面（西立面）山花镶嵌的大型雕刻是雅典娜与海神波塞冬（Poseidon）争当雅典守护神的情景。

The large carving inlaid with mountain flowers on the back (west facade) of the temple depicts the scene of Athena competing with Poseidon, the sea god, to become the patron saint of Athens.

西立面山花的复原雕刻
摄于卫城博物馆
Restoration and carving of mountain flowers on the west facade
Taken at the Acropolis Museum

雅典建城之初，波塞冬与雅典娜争夺保护权。宙斯定下裁决规则：能给人类一件最有用东西者获胜。波塞冬用三叉戟击中岩石涌出咸海水。雅典娜用长矛插入地里，长出一棵橄榄树。

橄榄树被雅典人视为有用之物。自此雅典人以雅典娜命名城市（在古希腊语中，雅典娜与雅典是同一名词），供奉其为守护神。

At the beginning of the founding of Athens, Poseidon and Athena competed for protection rights. Zeus set the rule of judgment: whoever can give humanity the most useful thing wins. Poseidon hit the rock with his trident and gushed out salty seawater. Athena inserted her spear into the ground and grew an olive tree.

The olive tree was considered useful by the Athenians. From then on, Athenians named their cities after Athena (in ancient Greek, Athena was the same name as Athens) and worshipped her as their guardian deity.

西立面山花的复原雕刻（局部）
摄于卫城博物馆
Restoration carving of mountain flowers on the west facade (partial)
Taken at the Acropolis Museum

东立面山墙的“命运三女神”雕塑于公元前438~前432年。

三女神分别是纺织生命线的克洛托（Clotho）、决定生命线长短的拉刻西斯（Lachesis）和切断生命线并掌管死亡的阿特洛波斯（Atropos）。

女神体态优美多姿，衣裙轻薄贴身，衣褶随人体曲线自然起伏。冰冷大理石呈现血肉之躯的柔软与温度，虽缺失头颅和手足，却是残缺美的典范。

The sculpture of the "Three Goddesses of Fate" on the east facing mountain wall dates back to 438-432 BC.

The three goddesses are Clotho, who weaves the lifeline, Lachesis, who determines the length of the lifeline, and Atropos, who cuts the lifeline and controls death.

The goddess has a graceful and diverse figure, with thin and tight fitting dresses and pleats that naturally rise and fall with the curves of the human body. Cold marble presents the softness and warmth of flesh and blood, although lacking a head and limbs, it is a model of incomplete beauty.

命运三女神雕塑仿制品
摄于卫城博物馆
原件藏大英博物馆
Imitation sculpture of the three goddesses of fate
Taken at the Acropolis Museum
Original Collection: British Museum

帕特农神庙是古希腊建筑艺术的高峰，成为西方建筑的典范，也是世界艺术和科学的珍贵遗产。

联合国科教文组织的标志就是帕特农神庙图案加上该组织的英文缩写。

The Parthenon is the pinnacle of ancient Greek architectural art, a model of Western architecture, and a precious heritage of world art and science.

The logo of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization is the image of the Parthenon Temple with the organization's English abbreviation.

联合国科教文组织标志
图源网络
UNESCO logo
Image source network

卫城的北边是伊瑞克提翁神庙（Erechtheion），建于公元前421～前406年，祭祀雅典娜和海神波隆冬。

神庙以希腊神话中雅典国王的名字命名，所建地点就是传说中雅典娜和波隆冬为争夺雅典城而比赛的地方。

因应不平整的地势，神庙以不对称的设计和错层结构独树一帜。北立面和西立面（下图左、中）是爱奥尼克柱式门廊，主殿在西立面门廊后，南立面西端（下图右）有“女像小柱廊”。

To the north of the Acropolis is the Erechtheion Temple, built between 421 BC and 406 BC, dedicated to Athena and the sea god Polytron.

The temple is named after the king of Athens in Greek mythology, and the location where it was built is said to be the place where Athena and Polon competed for the city of Athens.

In response to the uneven terrain, the temple stands out with its asymmetrical design and staggered structure. The north and west facades (left and center in the figure below) are Ionic columned porticos, with the main hall located behind the west facing portico. The west end of the south facade (right in the figure below) has a "female statue colonnade".

“女像小柱廊”是神庙最出彩的部位。6座少女大理石像柱替代了传统石柱，成为建筑史上一大创新。

The "Female Statue Pillar Gallery" is the most outstanding part of the temple. Six marble statues of young girls have replaced traditional stone pillars, becoming a major innovation in the history of architecture.

现在卫城看到的少女石像柱是复制品。为保存古迹，原件收藏在博物馆。

The young girl statue pillars seen in the Acropolis now are replicas. To preserve the historical site, the original documents are collected in the museum.

卫城博物馆收藏5座少女石像柱，其中1座（下图右一）被奥斯曼（土耳其）人的炮弹损毁。

另1座在19世纪初被英国驻奥斯曼帝国大使托马斯·布鲁斯（Thomas Bruce，1766~1841年）掳走，收藏在大英博物馆。

The Acropolis Museum has five stone pillars for girls, one of which (the first one on the right below) was damaged by the shells of the Ottomans (Türkiye).

The other one was captured by the British Ambassador to the Ottoman Empire, Thomas Bruce (1766-1841), in the early 19th century and is now housed in the British Museum.

摄于卫城博物馆
Taken at the Acropolis Museum

少女们长裙轻盈，褶皱细腻，亭亭玉立。

The girls' long dresses are light and delicate with delicate folds, standing tall and graceful.

摄于卫城博物馆
Taken at the Acropolis Museum

少女纤细的颈部是承重的薄弱部位，若加粗颈部会破坏美感。建筑师在少女颈后采用浓厚秀发，头顶加上花篮，巧妙地化解了建筑结构与人体美的矛盾。

The slender neck of a young girl is a weak weight-bearing area, and thickening the neck can ruin its beauty. The architect cleverly resolved the contradiction between architectural structure and human beauty by using thick hair behind the girl's neck and adding a flower basket on her head.

摄于卫城博物馆
Taken at the Acropolis Museum

神庙西立面有宙斯祭坛。

祭坛下是1952年栽种的橄榄树，纪念雅典娜送给雅典人的圣树。

There is an altar of Zeus on the west facade of the temple.

Under the altar is an olive tree planted in 1952, commemorating the sacred tree that Athena gave to the Athenians.

爱奥尼克柱式圆形涡卷柱头下的饰带以茛苕叶为装饰图案，雕刻细腻精美。

The decorative strip under the circular spiral head of the Ionic column is decorated with sweet potato leaves, finely carved and exquisite.

伊瑞克提翁神庙西立面前原有一座老庙，建于公元前525~前500年，在公元前480年波斯人入侵雅典并焚城中被毁。

老庙前是雅典娜青铜雕像的基座，高1.5米，周边乳钉浮雕仍清晰可见。

There used to be an old temple in front of the western side of the Temple of Erechtion, built between 525 BC and 500 BC. It was destroyed in 480 BC when the Persians invaded Athens and burned the city.

In front of the old temple is the pedestal of a bronze statue of Athena, which is 1.5 meters high, and the surrounding breast nail reliefs are still clearly visible.

基座上9米高的雕像建造于公元前456年左右，毁于1204年第四次十字军东征。

雅典娜青铜雕像以战神形象面向山门，背倚老庙。

The 9-meter-high statue on the pedestal was built around 456 BC and was destroyed during the Fourth Crusade in 1204.

The bronze statue of Athena features the image of a war god facing the mountain gate and leaning back against the old temple.

雅典娜雕像想象图
摄于卫城解说板
Athena Statue Imagination Picture
Taken on the Acropolis explanatory board

帕特农神庙和伊瑞克提翁神庙分立泛雅典娜节日大道两侧，南北相望。

一个是多立克风格的顶峰，霸气侧漏，恢弘大气；一个是爱奥尼克风格的典范，精致优雅，散发人性光芒。

The Parthenon Temple and the Erechtion Temple are separated on both sides of the Panathenaic Festival Avenue, facing each other from north to south.

One is the pinnacle of Doric style, exuding a domineering and majestic aura; One is the epitome of Ionic style, exquisite and elegant, radiating the radiance of humanity.

站在卫城四望，雅典全城尽在眼底。

Standing around the Acropolis, the entire city of Athens is in sight.

从卫城望东方
Looking east from the Acropolis

2600年前，雅典人建造了卫城宏伟神庙献祭雅典娜，祈求神的保护。

2600 years ago, the Athenians built a magnificent temple on the Acropolis to offer sacrifices to Athena and pray for the protection of the gods.

从卫城望东北方
Looking northeast from the Acropolis

然而，雅典在公元前480年被波斯人洗劫并焚毁，公元前430年爆发严重瘟疫，公元前86年遭罗马人攻破屠城，267年被哥特人洗劫一空……

雅典娜保护不了雅典。

However, Athens was plundered and burned down by the Persians in 480 BC, a severe plague broke out in 430 BC, the city was conquered and slaughtered by the Romans in 86 BC, and completely plundered by the Goths in 267 BC

Athena cannot protect Athens.

从卫城望西北方
Looking northwest from the Acropolis

雅典人建造的卫城历经劫难屹立不倒，成就了永恒。

卫城展示着古希腊文明，成为建筑史的丰碑。

卫城是人类文明璀璨星河中的星辰，至今仍星光熠熠。

The Acropolis built by the Athenians has withstood hardships and achieved eternity.

The Acropolis showcases ancient Greek civilization and has become a monument in architectural history.

The Acropolis is a shining star in the galaxy of human civilization, and it still shines brightly to this day.

从卫城望南方
Looking south from the Acropolis

2025年5月摄影
7~8月撰文、制作
音乐顾问：YY
图如侵权告知即撤
Photography in May 2025
Writing and production from July to August
Music Consultant: YY

Pictures will be removed promptly upon receipt of infringement notice

【卫城示意图】

[Schematic diagram of the Acropolis]

【附录】卫城最大的劫难是文物被劫掠。1801~1803年，英国驻奥斯曼帝国大使托马斯·布鲁斯（Thomas Bruce，1766~1841年，第七代埃尔金伯爵）雇用300名工匠将卫城近六成的大理石雕塑切割，装满200箱通过英国军舰运往伦敦，以3.5万英镑低价卖给英国政府。这批文物收藏在大英博物馆，被称为“埃尔金大理石雕”。
希腊国宝成为大英博物馆“镇馆之宝”，是欧洲殖民者掠夺文物的例证，也是希腊民族的伤痛。
1982年，希腊在联合国教科文组织大会上提出议案，要求大英博物馆归还帕特农神庙大理石雕，得到大多数与会代表的支持，但投票结果对英国没有约束力。
近数十年希腊政府多次要求归还文物，都遭到英国政府无理拒绝。

[Appendix]The biggest robbery at the Acropolis was the looting of cultural relics. From 1801 to 1803, the British ambassador to the Ottoman Empire, Thomas Bruce (1766-1841, 7th Earl of Elgin), hired 300 craftsmen to cut nearly 60% of the marble sculptures in the Acropolis, filled 200 boxes, and transported them to London via British warships, selling them to the British government at a low price of £ 35000. This batch of cultural relics is collected in the British Museum and is known as the "Elgin marble carvings".
The Greek national treasure becoming the "treasure of the British Museum" is an example of European colonizers plundering cultural relics and also a pain for the Greek nation.
In 1982, Greece proposed a motion at the UNESCO General Conference to request the British Museum to return the Parthenon marble carvings, which received the support of the majority of attendees, but the voting results were not binding on Britain.
In recent decades, the Greek government has repeatedly demanded the return of cultural relics, but has been unreasonably refused by the British government.

【音乐简介】小提琴独奏曲《沉思》（法语：Méditation）是法国作曲家儒勒•马斯涅（Jules Massenet，1842~1912年）1893年所作歌剧《泰伊思》的幕间曲，故又称为《泰伊思冥想曲》。该曲旋律深情而富有诗意，流传极广。
盛中国（1941~2018年）是著名小提琴演奏家，担任中国交响乐团小提琴独奏演员。他少年时独奏莫扎特、贝多芬、舒伯特等名家经典作品经电台向全国广播，被誉为“天才琴童”。

【 Music Introduction 】 The violin solo piece "Meditation" (French: M é ditation) is an interlude for the 1893 opera "Th é my è se" by French composer Jules Massenet (1842-1912), also known as the "Th é my è se Meditation". The melody of this song is deep and poetic, and has been widely circulated.
Sheng Zhonghua (1941-2018) was a famous violinist who served as a soloist for the Chinese Symphony Orchestra. When he was young, he performed solo classical works by famous musicians such as Mozart, Beethoven, Schubert, etc., which were broadcasted nationwide on radio and was hailed as the "genius musician".