<p class="ql-block">今天虽然是多云，却仍是30-36摄氏度的高温天气，体感温度为41摄氏度！连日高温，并没有影响我与太太去博物馆看展的兴致！</p><p class="ql-block">上午11:30，在上博东馆参观“华彩六盘-宁夏固原文物精品展”。</p> <p class="ql-block">华彩六盘-宁夏固原文物精品展</p> <p class="ql-block">致辞 Foreword</p><p class="ql-block">宁夏固原地处中原文化、草原文化、西域文化的交汇地带，又是丝绸之路重镇，周秦汉唐以来，以中原文化为底色的多元文化在这片土地上竞放异彩。</p><p class="ql-block">本次展览汇集了300余件来自宁夏固原地区西周至隋唐时期的文物精品，不仅展示出古代固原地区多元文化交融的壮阔图景，更是以丰富的文物类型实证了中华文明具有的强大吸引力和突出的包容性特征。</p><p class="ql-block">数千年间，中华文明以丝绸之路为廊，纳四方文明于怀中。西周到隋唐时期的固原是历史长河中的一段切片，以其文化交融之美为我们打开了一扇洞察中华文明发展进程的窗户。今日，这些精品文物跨越千里，从六盘山麓集聚到黄浦江畔，以上海博物馆为窗，既向世界展现出一幅中华文明多元一体的智慧长卷，亦向世界呈现出文明对话的中国方案。</p><p class="ql-block">上海博物馆馆长</p><p class="ql-block">褚晓波</p><p class="ql-block">Located at the crossroads of Central Plains culture,</p><p class="ql-block">steppe culture, and Western Regions culture, Guyuan</p><p class="ql-block">in Ningxia has historically been a significant town in the Silk Roads network. Through the Zhou, Qin, Han, and Tang dynasties, a diverse cultural mosaic rooted in Central Plains culture flourished in this place, each culture shining brightly in its own right.</p><p class="ql-block">This exhibition features over 300 exquisite artifacts from the Western Zhou to the Sui and Tang periods in Guyuan. These artifacts not only depict the grand panorama of cultural integration in ancient Guyuan but also provide substantial evidence of the strong appeal and remarkable inclusiveness of Chinese civilization.</p><p class="ql-block">Over the past thousands of years, Chinese civilization, using the Silk Roads as a corridor, has embraced civilizations from all over the world. Guyuan, from the Western Zhou to the Sui and Tang dynasties, served as a cross-section by which to observe the developmental trajectory of Chinese civilization through the beauty of cultural integration. Today, these fine artifacts, having traveled thousands of miles from the foot of the Liupan Mountains to the cosmopolis on the Huangpu River, are put on display here at the Shanghai Museum: to the world, they will not only showcase a long scroll of wisdom portraying Chinese civilization as a unity based on diversity but also present China's approach to inter-civilization dialogue.</p><p class="ql-block">Chu Xiaobo</p><p class="ql-block">Director of the Shanghai Museum</p> <p class="ql-block">致辞 Foreword</p><p class="ql-block">在华夏文明的大版图中，固原是宁夏的历史名城，文化底蕴深厚，见证着岁月沧桑、山水移变。</p><p class="ql-block">宁夏固原博物馆镇馆之宝鎏金银壶、凸钉玻璃碗，及馆藏珍品青铜器、金银器、玻璃器、壁画等百余件文物，皆是千年固原、丝路华章的生动注脚，今天，它们从黄士高原走进黄浦江畔。愿这些承载着多元文化基因的瑰宝，再绽异彩、再述文明。</p><p class="ql-block">上海博物馆作为博物馆界领航者，拥有着卓越的展览策划能力与广博的文化基础。此次合作，拓展了东南与西北的文化桥梁，也是沪宁文旅协作的新篇章。相信通过此次展览，必将深化对中华民族多元一体的共识，推动构建中华民族之共有精神家园。</p><p class="ql-block">宁夏回族自治区固原博物馆书记、馆长</p><p class="ql-block">张强</p><p class="ql-block">Within the grand tapestry of Chinese civilization, Guyuan, a historic city in Ningxia with a rich cultural heritage, bears witness to the passage of time and the changes of landscapes.</p><p class="ql-block">The treasured artifacts from the Guyuan Museum of Ningxia-including its crown jewels: the gilded silver</p><p class="ql-block">ewer and the studded glass bowl, as well as over a hundred exquisite items of bronzeware, goldware, silverware, glassware, and murals serve as vivid testimony to the millennium-long legacy of the city and to the commercial and cultural splendor of the Silk Roads. Now, they have journeyed from the Loess Plateau to a cosmopolis on the Huangpu River. May these treasures with diverse cultural genes radiate fresh brilliance and continue to narrate the tales of Chinese civilization.</p><p class="ql-block">As a leading institution of exhibition and collection in the world, the Shanghai Museum is renowned for its exceptional curatorial expertise and profound cultural heritage. This collaboration not only enhances cultural exchanges between Southeast and Northwest China but also marks a new chapter in cultural and tourism cooperation between Ningxia and Shanghai. We believe that this exhibition will foster a deeper understanding of China's unity in diversity and will help to build a shared spiritual home for the Chinese nation.</p><p class="ql-block">Zhang Qiang</p><p class="ql-block">Director and CPC Branch Secretary of the Guyuan Museum of the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region</p> <p class="ql-block">前言 introduction</p><p class="ql-block">宁夏南部的六盘山横亘于河套平原与关中平原之间，它既是关中地区的天然屏障，也是中国古代农耕文明和游牧文明的交汇地。固原地处六盘山麓之间，是古代中原的战略要地，也是古老的丝绸之路重镇。固原出土的大量精美文物，展现了中原文化与草原文化在此地的深度交融，更印证了中西文化在这座丝路都市的汇聚，是中华文明多元一体的生动实证。</p><p class="ql-block">固原孙家庄、姚河塬西周遗址出士的各类青铜器、玉器，充分见证了西周时期中原礼制在此生根、发展的历程；春秋战国遗址出土的各类动物纹饰件，是极具生命力的北方草原艺术在此地浸润传播的体现。</p><p class="ql-block">南北朝时期，固原是丝绸之路上的重要都市。北周柱国大将军李贤墓出士的墓志、壁画及彩绘陶俑群，沿袭了中原传统的墓葬规制；同墓出土的鎏金银壶、凸钉玻璃碗等异域珍品，则体现出该地丝路贸易的繁荣。</p><p class="ql-block">隋唐时期，活跃在中亚的粟特人大量入华，他们积极参与中原王朝的政治、经济生活，主动融入中华民族大家庭。固原的粟特人史氏家族墓地遵循中原墓葬制度，汉文墓志铭刻着入华栗特人的华夏身份认同，墓葬壁画中的人物服饰、绘制技法也与中原墓葬壁画一脉相承；而面覆金饰、口含金币的葬俗，又体现出对故土的怀念。</p><p class="ql-block">古代的固原地区，东连中原文化，北通草原文化，西接丝绸之路，始终是多元文化互动的枢纽地带，蕴含着中华文明的丰富内涵。此次展出的三百余件固原精品文物，虽只是历史长河中的吉光片羽，却如多棱镜般折射出中华文明海纳百川的胸襟。当我们凝视这些穿越时空的文明信物，看到的不仅是固原大地上的文化交融，更是中华民族共同体形成的生动轨迹。</p><p class="ql-block">Stretching across southern Ningxia, the Liupan Mountains lie between the Hetao Plain and the Guanzhong Plain, serving not only as a natural barrier for the Guanzhong region but also as an intersection for the agrarian and nomadic civilizations in ancient China. Nestled at the foothills of the mountains, Guyuan was a strategic stronghold of the Central Plains and a vital hub along the ancient Silk Roads.</p><p class="ql-block">The sheer quantity and delicacy of artifacts unearthed in Guyuan reveal the profound cultural fusion between the Central Plains and the northern steppes, attesting to the convergence of Chinese and Western cultures in this Silk Road metropolis and providing clear evidence for the Chinese civilization's unity in diversity</p><p class="ql-block">The bronzes and jade objects excavated from the sites of Sunjiazhuang and Yaoheyuan in Guyuan bear witness to the establishment and evolution of the Central Plains ritual system in this region during the Western Zhou dynasty. Meanwhile, the animal-patterned ornaments unearthed from sites of the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods reflect the dynamic influence of art from the northern steppes.</p><p class="ql-block">During the Northern and Southern dynasties, Guyuan flourished as a key city in the network of the Silk Roads. The epitaphs, murals, and painted pottery figurines from the tomb of Li Xian, Great General as Pillar of the State of the Northern Zhou, document the burial customs of the Central Plains. Moreover, exotic treasures found in the tomb, such as the gilded silver ewer and the studded glass bowl, highlight the prosperity of commerce along the Silk Roads.</p><p class="ql-block">In the Sui and Tang, Sogdians migrated eastward from Central Asia in large numbers, actively engaging in the political and economic activities of the Central Plains and gradually becoming a part of the broader Chinese nation. The cemetery of the Shis, a family of Sogdian settlers in Guyuan, follows the burial traditions of the Central Plains, with memorial inscriptions written in Chinese affirming their strong sense of national identity. The murals in these tombs carry on the Central Plains traditions in terms of the rendering of clothing and the techniques of painting, while the funerary customs of covering the faces with gold masks and placing gold coins in the mouths of the deceased reflect a longing for the homeland.</p><p class="ql-block">With the Central Plains to the east, the steppes to the north, and the Silk Roads to the west, Guyuan acted in ancient times as a melting pot of culture and embodied the rich essence of Chinese civilization. The over 300 artifacts on display here, though mere fragments of history, reflect-like a prism-the diverse aspects of Chinese civilization and thereby manifest its inclusiveness. As we gaze at these relics as travelers from far away and long ago, we witness not only cultural interactions in Guyuan but also the Chinese nation' s gradual yet aynamic evolution into a unified community.</p> <p class="ql-block">固原历代沿革表</p> <p class="ql-block">铸礼大原</p><p class="ql-block">CASTING RITUAL VESSELS IN DAYUAN</p><p class="ql-block">第一部分 Part One</p><p class="ql-block">西周时期，固原是周王朝的战略要地，史称“大原”。作为周王朝势力范围所至的西北之地，中原礼制在此落地生根。孙家庄西周墓地出土的青铜鼎、簋等器物，证实固原深受西周早期政治文化的浸润；入选 “2017年度全国十大考古新发现”的姚河塬西周遗址，是西周最西北封国的都邑城址，周王朝的礼乐制度在此地得到充分发展。</p><p class="ql-block">春秋至秦汉时期，固原作为西北边防重镇，中原文化在此地不断深化发展，同时融合了以动物纹饰牌、青铜短剑、马具为代表的北方系青铜文化，使该区域呈现出多元文化蓬勃发展的面貌。</p><p class="ql-block">Guyuan, historically known as Dayuan ( "Great Plain" ), was a strategic stronghold of the Western Zhou kingdom. As a frontier region in the northwest of the kingdom's sphere of influence, it absorbed the ritual system of the Central Plains. The discovery of bronze vessels such as ding ( "food vessels" ) and gui ( "food vessels" ) from the Western Zhou cemetery at Sunjiazhuang ( "Village of the Sun Family" ) attests to the deep influence of political and cultural practices of the early Western Zhou on Guyuan. Yaoheyuan ( "Highland by the Yao River" ), selected as one of the 2017 Top Ten Archaeological Discoveries in China, is the site of the capital city of the vassal state on the northwestern tip of the Western Zhou kingdom. Here, the Zhou dynasty's ritual and musical systems were fully developed and practiced.</p><p class="ql-block">From the Spring and Autumn period to the Qin and Han dynasties, Guyuan served as a key military outpost in the northwest, where the evolving Central Plains culture interacted with the bronze culture from the north, which is characterized by animal-patterned plaques, short swords, and horse gear. Such fusion led to cultural diversity and prosperity in the region.</p> <p class="ql-block">偏口彩陶壶</p><p class="ql-block">马家窑文化（约公元前3300年一前2050年）</p><p class="ql-block">宁夏固原博物馆藏</p><p class="ql-block">Painted Pottery Pot with an Offset Mouth</p><p class="ql-block">Majiayao Culture (ca. 3300-2050 BCE)</p><p class="ql-block">The Guyuan Museum of Ningxia</p> <p class="ql-block">这件偏口彩陶壶于1980年出土于宁夏固原县中河乡高坡村。材质为泥质红陶，胎质薄而细。偏敞口外卷，圆唇，与口相对的一侧饰有一把手。腹部鼓起，腹中部两侧饰有对称的桥形耳。器身饰黑彩，口沿内侧饰有一周黑彩纹和锯齿状纹，颈部饰两周锯齿纹，正面肩、腹部饰两个三角形网纹，左右两侧饰近似圆形的树叶图案，内饰柳叶纹，树叶图案两边有豆荚纹，后肩、腹部饰有葫芦网纹。</p> <p class="ql-block">礼乐立序 Establishing Order through Ritual and Music</p><p class="ql-block">固原地区出土以铜簋、玉琮等为代表的早期礼器，以丰富的器物类型展现了礼乐文明在该地区的发展进程。</p><p class="ql-block">西周时期，已建立起涵盖政治、军事、生活的一套完整的礼制体系，车马制度是其重要组成部分。据《周礼》记载，周代设有专门掌管王室车辆的职官“巾车”，管理重大事项的车马使用礼仪，对车辆上的旗帜、装饰以及丧葬用车配置都有明确规定。装配在车、马身上的各种精美车马器，彰显了使用者的身份地位。</p><p class="ql-block">此外，固原地区出土大量中原形制的兵器，亦是中原文化在此地不断发展的体现。</p> <p class="ql-block">彩陶</p><p class="ql-block">新石器时代，先民在土与火之间创造了早期社会标志性的文化成就—彩陶。固原地区彩陶文化类型丰富，是与周边地区频繁交流、相互融合的结果。固原彩陶主要有仰韶文化、马家窑文化与齐家文化类型，宁夏南部山区亦发展出带有地域特色的菜园文化类型。彩陶兼具实用性与艺术性，其流畅的线条与器型的完美结合，展现了先民对美的追求，也凝聚着他们的智慧与信仰。</p><p class="ql-block">固原出土偏口彩陶壶绘有三角形网纹、树叶纹、豆荚纹、葫芦网纹，线条明朗，分布和谐。形体似乌，以口部表现乌头部，以圆润的腹部作为鸟腹，双耳似两翼，扳耳作为尾部，勾勒出一展翅欲飞的乌儿造型。</p><p class="ql-block">彭阳县出土双耳彩陶罐则饰以较为简单的几何纹。</p> <p class="ql-block">双耳彩陶罐</p><p class="ql-block">齐家文化（约公元前2200年一前1600年）</p><p class="ql-block">宁夏固原市彭阳县博物馆藏</p><p class="ql-block">Double-handled Painted Pottery Jar</p><p class="ql-block">Qijia Culture (ca. 2200-1600 BCE)</p><p class="ql-block">Pengyang County Museum, Guyuan, Ningxia</p> <p class="ql-block">“稼稷”卜骨</p><p class="ql-block">西周（约公元前11世纪一前771年）</p><p class="ql-block">宁夏文物考古研究所藏</p><p class="ql-block">Oracle Bone Inscribed with Characters Meaning Jia ("grain") and Ji ("millet")</p><p class="ql-block">Western Zhou (ca. 11th century-771 BCE)</p><p class="ql-block">Ningxia Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology</p> <p class="ql-block">该卜骨于2019年出土于宁夏彭阳县姚河塬遗址东南部一座房址内。由黄牛肩胛骨制成，原为卜骨，后改制成为农业生产工具骨铲。背面有三处钻凿，正反面和侧缘有打磨痕迹，单面刃，刃部在肩胛骨背面，较为锋利。在该骨铲的正面左侧，残存一行竖向刻辞。 “稼稷”在这行卜辞中字体刻写较大，似有专意突出“稼稷”二字的意味。此“稷”字甲骨文字形首见，补充了“稷”字的古文字演变形态。稷或为姚河塬居民的种植作物。</p> <p class="ql-block">多次主持和参与殷墟发掘的学者董作宾曾将殷人处理甲骨的方式总结为存储、埋藏、散佚、废弃四类。其中，“废弃”指对卜用甲骨的再利用，如用作练习刻字，或改制为其他器物。“稼稷”卜骨应是对占卜后甲骨再利用的一例实证。</p> <p class="ql-block">以玉作六器，以礼天地四方，</p><p class="ql-block">以苍璧礼天，以黄琮礼地，以青圭礼东方，以赤璋礼南方，以白琥礼西方，以玄璜礼北方。</p><p class="ql-block">——《周礼•春官•大宗伯》</p> <p class="ql-block">卜骨</p><p class="ql-block">齐家文化（约公元前2200年一前1600年）</p><p class="ql-block">宁夏固原博物馆藏</p><p class="ql-block">Oracle Bone</p><p class="ql-block">Qijia Culture (ca. 2200-1600 BCE)</p><p class="ql-block">The Guyuan Museum of Ningxia</p> <p class="ql-block">卜骨</p><p class="ql-block">西周（约公元前11世纪一前771年）</p><p class="ql-block">宁夏文物考古研究所藏</p><p class="ql-block">Oracle Bone</p><p class="ql-block">Western Zhou (ca. 11th century-771 BCE)</p><p class="ql-block">Ningxia Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology</p> <p class="ql-block">装饰艺术</p><p class="ql-block">固原彭阳县姚河塬西周遗址高等级墓葬区</p><p class="ql-block">出土诸多精美器物，彰显了西周贵族的装饰艺术。象牙作为稀有资源，多出土于高等级贵族墓葬，姚河塬西周遗址出土象牙制品表明了墓主的贵族身份。象牙梳正反面饰有商周青铜器中典型的兽面纹，显示出王权正统性。出土动物形玉器线条简洁，造型生动，中华传统纹样中的凤乌纹在出士玉器中亦有体现。该地出土以蚌壳制成的饰件，与区域内部丰富的水系相关，极具地域特色。</p> <p class="ql-block">玉螳螂</p><p class="ql-block">西周（约公元前11世纪一前771年）</p><p class="ql-block">宁夏文物考古研究所藏</p><p class="ql-block">Jade Mantis</p><p class="ql-block">Western Zhou (ca. 11th century-771 BCE)</p><p class="ql-block">Ningxia Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology</p> <p class="ql-block">玉凤鸟</p><p class="ql-block">西周（约公元前11世纪一前771年）</p><p class="ql-block">宁夏文物考古研究所藏</p><p class="ql-block">Jade Phoenix</p><p class="ql-block">Western Zhou (ca. 11th century-771 BCE)</p><p class="ql-block">Ningxia Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology</p> <p class="ql-block">象牙杯</p><p class="ql-block">西周（约公元前11世纪一前771年）</p><p class="ql-block">宁夏文物考古研究所藏</p><p class="ql-block">Ivory Cup</p><p class="ql-block">Western Zhou (ca. 11th century-771 BCE)</p><p class="ql-block">Ningxia Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology</p> <p class="ql-block">象牙梳</p><p class="ql-block">西周（约公元前11世纪一前771年）</p><p class="ql-block">宁夏文物考古研究所藏</p><p class="ql-block">Ivory Comb</p><p class="ql-block">Western Zhou (ca. 11th century-771 BCE)</p><p class="ql-block">Ningxia Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology</p> <p class="ql-block">这件雕刻精美兽面纹的象牙梳，于2017年出土于宁夏彭阳县姚河塬遗址高等级墓葬区，当为该地区西周贵族使用。梳子由象牙雕刻而成，分为梳钮、梳背、梳齿三部分。梳钮装饰雷纹，梳背雕刻兽面纹，眼部原镶嵌绿松石，现已脱落。正反两面纹饰相同。梳齿已残缺。</p><p class="ql-block">西周象牙器多出土于高等级墓葬，姚河塬西周遗址中出土的象牙制品表明了墓主诸侯级别的贵族身份，在梳背上还装饰有商周青铜器上典型的兽面纹，彰显出中原王权的正统性。</p> <p class="ql-block">铜簋</p><p class="ql-block">西周（约公元前11世纪一前771年）</p><p class="ql-block">宁夏固原博物馆藏</p><p class="ql-block">Bronze Gui ("food vessel")</p><p class="ql-block">Western Zhou (ca. 11th century-771 BCE)</p><p class="ql-block">The Guyuan Museum of Ningxia</p> <p class="ql-block">1981年宁夏固原县中河乡孙家庄出土。此铜簋敞口，口沿外卷，鼓腹，圈足。腹部两侧饰有半圆形耳，耳上有兽形，其下有珥（ěr）。颈部以云雷纹作底纹，并饰一周带状兽面纹，足部饰一周带状夔(kuí)龙纹。簋作为食器中最为常见的一种，是用来盛放黍、稷等食物的容器，多与鼎相配使用。</p> <p class="ql-block">西周时期“重食”，与商代盛行的重酒文化不同，周人通过饮食器具的规范化使用，构建起严密的等级标识系统。其中最具代表性的当属列鼎制度，以奇数数量的鼎与偶数数量的簋相配，规定不同诸侯贵族等级的用器数量，在祭祀、宴飨等场合严格执行。西周青铜器以食器为大宗，其数量与组合方式成为使用者身份地位的物化象征，充分体现了周代“藏礼于器”的礼制特点。</p> <p class="ql-block">该铜簋出土于固原地区1981年发现的一处西周成、康时期墓葬——孙家庄西周遗址。该遗址出土鼎簋、兵器、马具等，被认为是周王朝势力越过陇山以西的重要证据，填补了该地区西周考古的空白，证明西周初年周人的统治势力已经抵达今天的宁夏固原地区，对认识和探索早期周人的活动区域和文化面貌有重要意义。</p> <p class="ql-block">车</p><p class="ql-block">先秦时代，马车的用途涵盖礼仪、作战、出行等各个方面。西周时期，车马制度是礼制的重要组成部分，规定了不同等级贵族用车的种类、装饰、数量。在诸侯贵族的墓葬中往往有殉葬车马，其数量与规模也反映出墓主的等级与地位。</p> <p class="ql-block">车马器是配置在车身与马体上的器物，不仅用于加固马车、驾驭马匹，更具有礼仪与装饰性质。</p><p class="ql-block">盡铃是饰于西周贵族车衡的轭首上的铜铃，《大雅烝民》：“四牡彭彭，八鸾锵锵。”姚河塬西周遗址出士马车与众多车饰配件，直接表明了墓主的贵族身份，实证了该地属于周王朝的势力范围。出土车马器多以兽面纹装饰，是使用者等级与身份的体现。</p><p class="ql-block">马具包括御马器和马饰件，固原地区出士的骨制马具尤其体现了当地的游牧文化特色</p> <p class="ql-block">（1）虎首形铜车軎</p><p class="ql-block">西周（约公元前11世纪一前771年）</p><p class="ql-block">宁夏文物考古研究所藏</p><p class="ql-block">Tiger-head-shaped Bronze Chariot Axle Cap</p><p class="ql-block">Western Zhou (ca. 11th century-771 BCE)</p><p class="ql-block">Ningxia Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology</p> <p class="ql-block">（2）兽首纹铜车辖</p><p class="ql-block">西周（约公元前11世纪一前771年）</p><p class="ql-block">宁夏文物考古研究所藏</p><p class="ql-block">Bronze Chariot Linchpin with the Animal-head Pattern</p><p class="ql-block">Western Zhou (ca. 11th century-771 BCE)</p><p class="ql-block">Ningxia Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology</p> <p class="ql-block">（3）兽面纹铜车轴饰</p><p class="ql-block">西周（约公元前11世纪一前771年）</p><p class="ql-block">宁夏固原博物馆藏</p><p class="ql-block">Ornament of a Bronze Chariot Axle with the Animal-face Pattern</p><p class="ql-block">Western Zhou （ca. 11th century-771 BCE）</p><p class="ql-block">The Guyuan Museum of Ningxia</p><p class="ql-block">1981年宁夏固原县中河乡孙家庄出土。青铜质，由一横截面近似卵形的筒形铜管与一梯形平板连接而成，筒身的一周与梯形平板的正面均饰有兽面纹，筒中部有对称的方形穿孔。</p><p class="ql-block">铜车轴饰是西周时期车子上常见的金属车饰，装在车舆和车轮之间的轴上，左右各一件。用来稳定伏兔（古代车上的部件，勾连车箱底板和车轴，用于减震，以其形如蹲伏之兔，故名）、保护车毂（gǔ），避免泥土沉积在舆、毂之间的轴上，也有美化车身的作用。筒形部分套在从车舆底部伸出的车轴上，梯形平板部分则覆盖于内侧的车毂上，板面朝上。</p><p class="ql-block">西周时期实行严格的等级制度，《周礼》对于天子、诸侯、卿大夫等不同等级贵族用车的形制、装饰都有明确规定。考古出土的兽面纹车轴饰，墓主多为诸侯、卿大夫。制作精美的车饰，不仅是实用配件，更是使用者身份等级的象征。</p> <p class="ql-block">（4）错银铜车舆饰</p><p class="ql-block">战国（公元前475年一前221年）</p><p class="ql-block">宁夏固原市彭阳县博物馆藏</p><p class="ql-block">Silver-inlaid Bronze Ornaments of a Chariot Compartment</p><p class="ql-block">Warring States period (475-221 BCE)</p><p class="ql-block">Pengyang County Museum, Guyuan, Ningxia</p> <p class="ql-block">（1）铜车轭</p><p class="ql-block">西周（约公元前11世纪一前771年）</p><p class="ql-block">宁夏文物考古研究所藏</p><p class="ql-block">Bronze Chariot Yokes</p><p class="ql-block">Western Zhou (ca. 11th century-771 BCE)</p><p class="ql-block">Ningxia Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology</p><p class="ql-block"> （2）铜衡末饰</p><p class="ql-block">西周（约公元前11世纪一前771年）</p><p class="ql-block">宁夏文物考古研究所藏</p><p class="ql-block">Terminal Ornament of a Bronze Chariot</p><p class="ql-block">Horizontal Drawbar</p><p class="ql-block">Western Zhou (ca. 11th century-771 BCE)</p><p class="ql-block">Ningxia Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology</p><p class="ql-block"><br></p><p class="ql-block">（5）铜銮铃</p><p class="ql-block">西周（约公元前11世纪一前771年）</p><p class="ql-block">宁夏固原博物馆藏</p><p class="ql-block">Bronze Bells on Royal Chariots</p><p class="ql-block">Western Zhou (ca. 11th century-771 BCE)</p><p class="ql-block">The Guyuan Museum of Ningxia</p> <p class="ql-block">（3）铜衡内饰</p><p class="ql-block">西周（约公元前11世纪一前771年）</p><p class="ql-block">宁夏文物考古研究所藏</p><p class="ql-block">Interior Ornaments of a Bronze Chariot</p><p class="ql-block">Horizontal Drawbar</p><p class="ql-block">Western Zhou (ca. 11th century-771 BCE)</p><p class="ql-block">Ningxia Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology</p><p class="ql-block">（4）羊首形铜车辕饰</p><p class="ql-block">春秋战国（公元前770年一前221年）</p><p class="ql-block">宁夏固原博物馆藏</p><p class="ql-block">Goat-head-shaped Bronze Ornament for a Chariot Shaft</p><p class="ql-block">Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods (770-221 BCE)</p><p class="ql-block">The Guyuan Museum of Ningxia</p> <p class="ql-block">（1）兽面纹铜节约</p><p class="ql-block">春秋战国（公元前770年一前221年）</p><p class="ql-block">宁夏固原博物馆藏</p><p class="ql-block">Bronze Jieyue ("bridle junction piece") with the Animal-face Pattern</p><p class="ql-block">Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods (770-221 BCE)</p><p class="ql-block">The Guyuan Museum of Ningxia</p><p class="ql-block">（2）鸟纹铜当卢</p><p class="ql-block">春秋战国（公元前770年一前221年）</p><p class="ql-block">宁夏固原博物馆藏</p><p class="ql-block">Bronze Danglu ("bridle frontlet") with the Bird Pattern</p><p class="ql-block">Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods (770-221 BCE)</p><p class="ql-block">The Guyuan Museum of Ningxia</p><p class="ql-block">（3）铜马镳</p><p class="ql-block">西周（约公元前11世纪一前771年）</p><p class="ql-block">宁夏文物考古研究所藏</p><p class="ql-block">Bronze Horse Cheekpiece</p><p class="ql-block">Western Zhou (ca. 11th century-771 BCE)</p><p class="ql-block">Ningxia Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology</p> <p class="ql-block">（4）云纹铜当卢</p><p class="ql-block">春秋战国（公元前770年一前221年）</p><p class="ql-block">宁夏固原博物馆藏</p><p class="ql-block">Bronze Danglu ("bridle frontlet") with the Cloud Pattern</p><p class="ql-block">Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods (770-221 BCE)</p><p class="ql-block">The Guyuan Museum of Ningxia</p><p class="ql-block">（5）骨节约</p><p class="ql-block">春秋战国（公元前770年一前221年）</p><p class="ql-block">宁夏固原博物馆藏</p><p class="ql-block">Bone Jieyue ("bridle junction piece")</p><p class="ql-block">Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods (770-221 BCE)</p><p class="ql-block">The Guyuan Museum of Ningxia</p> <p class="ql-block">礼制</p><p class="ql-block">固原地区出土的玉琮、铜簋等礼器，说明该地深受中原礼制的影响。古代中国围绕礼制形成了一系列具有礼仪意义的物质载体，礼制从宗教、政治到日常生活多个方面形成完整体系，奠定了华夏礼乐文明的根基。</p><p class="ql-block">新石器时期玉琮、玉璧与姚河塬西周玉器，共同体现了固原地区玉礼器的产生与发展过程。新石器时期卜骨残存的钻孔、烧灼痕迹，姚河塬西周遗址出土改制成骨铲的“稼稷”卜骨，皆是先民使用甲骨占卜的实证。孙家庄西周墓地出土铜簋是西周青铜礼器的典型器物，常与鼎搭配使用。西周“重食”，强调饮食在礼制中的仪式化、等级化功能，青铜食器正是重要的物质载体。</p> <p class="ql-block">玉琮</p><p class="ql-block">仰韶文化晚期（约公元前3600年一前3000年）</p><p class="ql-block">宁夏固原博物馆藏</p><p class="ql-block">Jade Cong ("tube")</p><p class="ql-block">Late Yangshao Culture (ca. 3600-3000 BCE)</p><p class="ql-block">The Guyuan Museum of Ningxia</p> <p class="ql-block">玉琮</p><p class="ql-block">齐家文化（约公元前2200年一前1600年）</p><p class="ql-block">宁夏固原市彭阳县博物馆藏</p><p class="ql-block">Jade Cong ("tube")</p><p class="ql-block">Qijia Culture (ca. 2200-1600 BCE)</p><p class="ql-block">Pengyang County Museum, Guyuan, Ningxia</p> <p class="ql-block">四璜联璧</p><p class="ql-block">齐家文化（约公元前2200年一前1600年）</p><p class="ql-block">宁夏固原市彭阳县博物馆藏</p><p class="ql-block">Jade Bi ("disc") Assembled with Four Huang ("arcs")</p><p class="ql-block">Qijia Culture (ca. 2200-1600 BCE)</p><p class="ql-block">Pengyang County Museum, Guyuan, Ningxia</p> <p class="ql-block">（1）绿松石玦</p><p class="ql-block">西周（约公元前11世纪一前771年）</p><p class="ql-block">宁夏文物考古研究所藏</p><p class="ql-block">Turquoise Jue ("slit ring")</p><p class="ql-block">Western Zhou (ca. 11th century-771 BCE)</p><p class="ql-block">Ningxia Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology</p><p class="ql-block">（2）玉璧</p><p class="ql-block">西周（约公元前11世纪一前771年）</p><p class="ql-block">宁夏文物考古研究所藏</p><p class="ql-block">Jade Bi ("disc")</p><p class="ql-block">Western Zhou (ca. 11th century-771 BCE)</p><p class="ql-block">Ningxia Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology</p><p class="ql-block">（3）玉璜</p><p class="ql-block">西周（约公元前11世纪一前771年）</p><p class="ql-block">宁夏文物考古研究所藏</p><p class="ql-block">Jade Huang ("arc")</p><p class="ql-block">Western Zhou (ca. 11th century-771 BCE)</p><p class="ql-block">Ningxia Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology</p> <p class="ql-block">塞上风来</p><p class="ql-block">Wind from the Frontier</p><p class="ql-block">春秋战国时期，固原地区以中原文化为底色，融合北方草原艺术风格，形成了独具特色的区域文化。这一时期，北方草原地区的人们偏爱以动物纹样装饰日常生活中的器物。他们以草原动物形象为题材，采用金、银、铜等材质创作出造型多样的饰件，其图案生动、做工精细，显示出高超的艺术水平。固原出土的各类动物纹饰牌、带钩、青铜短剑等器物，是对北方草原艺术风格的吸收，也体现出多元文化交融创新的特质。</p><p class="ql-block">此外，得益于固原当地发达的畜牧业，各类精美的骨制品层出不穷，主要有车马器、日用器和装饰品等，凸显出固原地区作为草原文化与农耕文明交汇地带的区域特色。</p> <p class="ql-block">兵器</p><p class="ql-block">孙家庄西周墓地出土兽首纹铜戈正、背面皆铸有一侧面兽头，兽耳圆雕，线条简洁生动。戟是戈、矛的组合体，作为中原车战的核心长兵器，是周王朝的军事力量在此地的反映。</p><p class="ql-block">固原地区出土春秋战国时期的铜戈，受到了流行于中原地区的长胡、中胡、三穿戈的影响，与中原形制一脉相承。“晋上容大夫”戈题铭中的“晋”，应指“三家分晋”后的魏国，反映了周边国家在此地征战或交往的进程，是中原诸侯势力深入西北的见证。</p> <p class="ql-block">（1）兽首纹铜戈</p><p class="ql-block">西周（约公元前11世纪一前771年）</p><p class="ql-block">宁夏固原博物馆藏</p><p class="ql-block">Bronze Dagger-Axe with the Animal-head Pattern</p><p class="ql-block">Western Zhou (ca. 11th century-771 BCE)</p><p class="ql-block">The Guyuan Museum of Ningxia</p> <p class="ql-block">（2）“晋上容大夫”铜戈</p><p class="ql-block">春秋战国（公元前770年一前221年）</p><p class="ql-block">宁夏固原博物馆藏</p><p class="ql-block">Bronze Dagger-Axe Inscribed with Characters</p><p class="ql-block">Jin Shangrong Dafu ("senior official of Shangrong, Jin")</p><p class="ql-block">Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods (770-221 BCE)</p><p class="ql-block">The Guyuan Museum of Ningxia</p> <p class="ql-block">（左）铜戈</p><p class="ql-block">春秋战国（公元前770年一前221年）</p><p class="ql-block">宁夏固原博物馆藏</p><p class="ql-block">Bronze Dagger-Axe</p><p class="ql-block">Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods (770-221 BCE)</p><p class="ql-block">The Guyuan Museum of Ningxia</p><p class="ql-block">（中）铜戟</p><p class="ql-block">西周（约公元前11世纪一前771年）</p><p class="ql-block">宁夏固原博物馆藏</p><p class="ql-block">Bronze Halberd</p><p class="ql-block">Western Zhou (ca. 11th century-771 BCE)</p><p class="ql-block">The Guyuan Museum of Ningxia</p><p class="ql-block">（右）铜锛</p><p class="ql-block">春秋战国（公元前770年一前221年）</p><p class="ql-block">宁夏固原博物馆藏</p><p class="ql-block">Bronze Adze</p><p class="ql-block">Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods (770-221 BCE)</p><p class="ql-block">The Guyuan Museum of Ningxia</p> <p class="ql-block">虎噬兽金饰</p><p class="ql-block">战国（公元前475年一前221年）</p><p class="ql-block">宁夏固原博物馆藏</p><p class="ql-block">Tiger-biting-animal-shaped Gold Ornament</p><p class="ql-block">Warring States period (475-221 BCE)</p><p class="ql-block">The Guyuan Museum of Ningxia</p> <p class="ql-block">动物噬咬纹金饰</p><p class="ql-block">战国（公元前475年一前221年）</p><p class="ql-block">宁夏固原博物馆藏</p><p class="ql-block">Gold Ornament with the Animal-biting Pattern</p><p class="ql-block">Warring States period (475-221 BCE)</p><p class="ql-block">The Guyuan Museum of Ningxia</p> <p class="ql-block">动物噬咬纹金扣饰</p><p class="ql-block">春秋战国（公元前770年一前221年）</p><p class="ql-block">宁夏固原博物馆藏</p><p class="ql-block">Gold Buckle Ornament with the Animal-biting Pattern</p><p class="ql-block">Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods (770-221 BCE)</p><p class="ql-block">The Guyuan Museum of Ningxia</p><p class="ql-block">1981年宁夏固原县头营乡坪乐村出土。游牧而居的传统，使得草原居民偏爱以动物作为艺术表现题材，运用于服饰和日常用具的装饰。动物搏斗图案是十分常见的一类题材，常见猛虎噬鹿、羊或兽类相互噬咬的形象。</p><p class="ql-block"><br></p> <p class="ql-block">这件动物纹金扣饰以立体圆雕的艺术造型，生动展现了二虎二鹿盘曲咬斗的场面，两虎分别噬住两鹿颈部。两鹿双眼圆睁，后肢搭于虎背之上作挣扎状。其身体部分经过了抽象化的扭曲变形处理，造型别具巧思。背面有一钮，可能是作为服装扣饰使用。</p> <p class="ql-block">子母豹铜扣饰</p><p class="ql-block">春秋战国（公元前770年一前221年）</p><p class="ql-block">宁夏固原博物馆藏</p><p class="ql-block">Female-leopard-and-its-cub-shaped</p><p class="ql-block">Bronze Buckle Ornament</p><p class="ql-block">Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods (770-221 BCE)</p><p class="ql-block">The Guyuan Museum of Ningxia</p><p class="ql-block">1982年宁夏固原县杨郎乡大北山出土。这件扣饰以透雕的手法表现了大小两豹环抱相亲的和谐场景，大豹背部弓起成弧形，后肢明显夸张变形，尾巴卷起，前后足相叠，前额紧贴小豹的下颌。小豹的腹侧有一凸钮，可能作为衣着扣饰使用。整体造型圆润和谐，区别于常见的动物相斗题材，以母子动物相亲的画面表现出草原动物的温情时刻。</p> <p class="ql-block">鹿形金饰</p><p class="ql-block">战国（公元前475年一前221年）</p><p class="ql-block">宁夏固原博物馆藏</p><p class="ql-block">Deer-shaped Gold Ornaments</p><p class="ql-block">Warring States period (475-221 BCE)</p><p class="ql-block">The Guyuan Museum of Ningxia</p><p class="ql-block">这是一件生动的鹿形金饰品。鹿角作树杈状高耸，鹿角根部有一圈联珠纹装饰。长耳后伸，鹿目圆睁，伸直脖颈，作瞭望状。鹿腿蟠曲，鹿身刻有线条纹饰以及两个圆钮。底部有两个凸起圆钮。应为衣着饰物。</p> <p class="ql-block">草原居民对于各种动物的观察细致入微，使其在对不同种类动物的表现上，能够准确地把握区别性特征，在造型上有所突出。这件鹿纹金饰一对硕大的鹿角，与躯体大小相比明显有所夸张，是对其树杈状兽角特征的突出强调。</p> <p class="ql-block">羊形铜饰牌</p><p class="ql-block">春秋战国（公元前770年一前221年）</p><p class="ql-block">宁夏固原博物馆藏</p><p class="ql-block">Goat-shaped Bronze Plaques</p><p class="ql-block">Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods (770-221 BCE)</p><p class="ql-block">The Guyuan Museum of Ningxia</p> <p class="ql-block">动物纹金饰</p><p class="ql-block">战国（公元前475年一前221年）</p><p class="ql-block">宁夏固原博物馆藏</p><p class="ql-block">Gold Ornaments with the Animal Pattern</p><p class="ql-block">Warring States period (475-221 BCE)</p><p class="ql-block">The Guyuan Museum of Ningxia</p> <p class="ql-block">动物纹鎏金铜饰牌</p><p class="ql-block">春秋战国（公元前770年一前221年）</p><p class="ql-block">宁夏固原博物馆藏</p><p class="ql-block">Gilt Bronze Plaque with the Animal Pattern Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods (770-221 BCE)</p><p class="ql-block">The Guyuan Museum of Ningxia</p> <p class="ql-block">狮纹铜饰牌</p><p class="ql-block">战国（公元前475年一前221年）</p><p class="ql-block">宁夏固原市彭阳县博物馆藏</p><p class="ql-block">Bronze Plaque with the Lion Pattern</p><p class="ql-block">Warring States period (475-221 BCE)</p><p class="ql-block">Pengyang County Museum, Guyuan, Ningxia</p> <p class="ql-block">虎噬鹿铜饰牌</p><p class="ql-block">战国（公元前475年一前221年）</p><p class="ql-block">宁夏固原市彭阳县博物馆藏</p><p class="ql-block">Tiger-biting-deer-shaped Bronze Plaque</p><p class="ql-block">Warring States period (475-221 BCE)</p><p class="ql-block">Pengyang County Museum, Guyuan, Ningxia</p> <p class="ql-block">虎噬兽铜饰牌</p><p class="ql-block">春秋战国（公元前770年一前221年）</p><p class="ql-block">宁夏文物考古研究所藏</p><p class="ql-block">Tiger-biting-animal-shaped Bronze Plaque</p><p class="ql-block">Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods (770-221 BCE)</p><p class="ql-block">Ningxia Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology</p> <p class="ql-block">虎噬羊镀锡铜饰牌</p><p class="ql-block">春秋战国（公元前770年一前221年）</p><p class="ql-block">宁夏固原博物馆藏</p><p class="ql-block">Tiger-biting-goat-shaped Tinned Bronze Plaque</p><p class="ql-block">Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods (770-221 BCE)</p><p class="ql-block">The Guyuan Museum of Ningxia</p> <p class="ql-block">动物纹鎏金铜饰牌</p><p class="ql-block">春秋战国（公元前770年一前221年）</p><p class="ql-block">宁夏固原博物馆藏</p><p class="ql-block">Gilt Bronze Plaque with the Animal Pattern</p><p class="ql-block">Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods (770-221 BCE)</p><p class="ql-block">The Guyuan Museum of Ningxia</p> <p class="ql-block">动物艺术</p><p class="ql-block">北方草原地区的生活环境，使居民对动物的生活习性及外在形态特别熟悉，他们常以动物形象作为艺术表现题材，将其装饰于服饰及日常使用的器物上，体现出他们源于自然且富有张力的艺术表达。</p><p class="ql-block">固原作为中原文化与草原文化的交汇区，春秋战国时期，装饰有动物纹的金属饰件在该地区得到普遍使用。</p><p class="ql-block">饰件类型主要有扣饰、带饰、杆头饰及各种饰牌等。扣饰、带饰及饰牌主要以浮雕、透雕的形式呈现，而杆头饰则多呈圆雕形式。饰件上的动物纹样以单体动物或动物间搏斗场景为主，这都是草原地区现实生活的反映。在表现动物形态时，单体动物多采用夸大局部特征的艺术化处理；多个动物搏斗场景，主要表现噬咬瞬间的张力；</p><p class="ql-block">另外，动物的身体常作动态扭转，或蜷曲成团状，或后肢翻转上扬。这些动物纹饰件充分展现出草原艺术贴近自然又充满创造力的艺术特色。</p> <p class="ql-block">凤鸟纹金饰</p><p class="ql-block">战国（公元前475年一前221年）</p><p class="ql-block">宁夏固原博物馆藏</p><p class="ql-block">Gold Ornaments with the Phoenix Pattern</p><p class="ql-block">Warring States period (475-221 BCE)</p><p class="ql-block">The Guyuan Museum of Ningxia</p><p class="ql-block">凤鸟纹金饰上的凤鸟造型特征与商周青铜器上的凤鸟纹相近，体现出与中原文化的联系。</p> <p class="ql-block">人驼纹铜带饰</p><p class="ql-block">战国（公元前475年一前221年）</p><p class="ql-block">宁夏固原市彭阳县博物馆藏</p><p class="ql-block">Bronze Belt Ornament with</p><p class="ql-block">the Human-sitting-on-a-camel Pattern</p><p class="ql-block">Warring States period (475-221 BCE)</p><p class="ql-block">Pengyang County Museum, Guyuan, Ningxia</p><p class="ql-block">1987年宁夏彭阳县草庙乡张街村出土。在动物纹饰图案中，人物形象的出现并不多见，固原彭阳县草庙乡张街村出土3件人驼纹铜带饰，刻画了难得一见的人骑骆驼题材。骆驼四肢弯曲，作平卧状，昂首，圆眼，长颈，背骑一人，身着长服，下摆宽松，系着腰带，脚踏高腰长靴，右手握驼鬃，左手扶驼后峰，回头目视后方。带饰背后有一弓形钮，当是作为衣着佩饰使用。</p><p class="ql-block">骆驼是早期欧亚大陆草原游牧民族的重要交通工具，人骑骆驼的图案展现了草原部族的商贸往来，表现手法与欧亚草原的斯基泰艺术风格相似，见证了早期草原丝绸之路的文化传播。</p> <p class="ql-block">狼纹银箔车饰</p><p class="ql-block">春秋战国（公元前770年一前221年）</p><p class="ql-block">宁夏固原博物馆藏</p><p class="ql-block">Silver-foiled Chariot Ornaments with the Wolf Pattern</p><p class="ql-block">Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods (770-221 BCE)</p><p class="ql-block">The Guyuan Museum of Ningxia</p><p class="ql-block">狼在草原文化中象征勇猛、坚韧和守护，狼纹银箔车饰生动地表现出了狼的凶猛特征，装饰于战车之上，或许寄托了威慑敌人、祈求胜利的意愿。</p> <p class="ql-block">象形铜饰</p><p class="ql-block">春秋战国（公元前770年一前221年）</p><p class="ql-block">宁夏固原博物馆藏</p><p class="ql-block">Elephant-shaped Bronze Ornaments</p><p class="ql-block">Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods (770-221 BCE)</p><p class="ql-block">The Guyuan Museum of Ningxia</p> <p class="ql-block">羊首形铜杆头饰</p><p class="ql-block">春秋战国（公元前770年一前221年）</p><p class="ql-block">宁夏固原博物馆藏</p><p class="ql-block">Goat-head-shaped Bronze Rod Finial</p><p class="ql-block">Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods (770-221 BCE)</p><p class="ql-block">The Guyuan Museum of Ningxia</p> <p class="ql-block">貘首形铜饰</p><p class="ql-block">西周（约公元前11世纪一前771年）</p><p class="ql-block">宁夏文物考古研究所藏</p><p class="ql-block">Tapir-head-shaped Bronze Ornament</p><p class="ql-block">Western Zhou (ca. 11th century-771 BCE)</p><p class="ql-block">Ningxia Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology</p> <p class="ql-block">鹰首形铜杆头饰</p><p class="ql-block">春秋战国（公元前770年一前221年）</p><p class="ql-block">宁夏固原博物馆藏</p><p class="ql-block">Eagle-head-shaped Bronze Rod Finial</p><p class="ql-block">Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods (770-221 BCE)</p><p class="ql-block">The Guyuan Museum of Ningxia</p> <p class="ql-block">鹿形铜饰</p><p class="ql-block">战国（公元前475年一前221年）</p><p class="ql-block">宁夏固原市彭阳县博物馆藏</p><p class="ql-block">Deer-shaped Bronze Ornaments</p><p class="ql-block">Warring States period (475-221 BCE)</p><p class="ql-block">Pengyang County Museum, Guyuan, Ningxia</p> <p class="ql-block">（未完待续）</p>