黑枕黄鹂鸟

吉祥如意

<p class="ql-block">黑枕黄鹂(lí) （英文名：Black-naped Oriole，学名：Oriolus chinensis），是雀形目黄鹂科黄鹂属的鸟类。俗称: 黄鹂、黄莺、黄鸟、金衣公子，头部和身体主要呈现鲜艳的金黄色，拥有宽阔的黑色眼纹和粉红色的喙，两翅及尾部为黑色。分布广泛，从东亚至东南亚，北至俄罗斯远东地区，南至印度尼西亚。在中国，自东北至华南、西南均有分布。</p><p class="ql-block">成年雄鸟全身金黄色，具宽阔黑色眼纹，翼及尾黑色，尾羽尖端黄色。雌鸟类似雄鸟，但上体羽色偏绿橄榄色。幼鸟上体黄绿色，下体具黑色纵纹，尾下覆羽黄色。喙深粉色，腿蓝灰色。亚成鸟下体有纵纹。</p><p class="ql-block">鸣叫声多变，包括响亮的笛音式‘doo-dlee-oo’、‘ku-i-oo’、‘kwia-lu’或下降的‘tu-u-liu’，以及丰富的‘tu-u-u-liu’。另有喵喵声‘meee-aooww’和响亮愉悦的‘pee-yaaaaoouw’或‘kee-aaaoouw’。</p><p class="ql-block">与细嘴黄鹂相比，黑枕黄鹂嘴较粗，颈背的黑带更宽，分布区域更广。</p><p class="ql-block">栖息于多种森林环境，包括常绿林、落叶林、果园、花园等，高度可达1600米。以昆虫、果实和浆果为食，尤其喜食无花果。飞行呈波浪状，常单独或成对活动，有时加入混合物种群体。</p><p class="ql-block">繁殖期从4月至8月，巢呈吊篮状，由雌鸟单独建造，雄鸟可能协助收集材料。每次产卵2-4枚，粉红色带紫红斑点。雌鸟负责孵卵，孵化期14天。雄雌共同育雏，雏鸟以昆虫为食。</p><p class="ql-block">繁殖于东亚，包括中国、日本、韩国、俄罗斯远东地区。冬季迁徙至印度、东南亚等地过冬。在中国广泛分布于东部、南部及西南地区。</p><p class="ql-block">在一些地区被视为害鸟，可能在商业果园中造成损害。</p><p class="ql-block">雀形目</p><p class="ql-block">黄鹂科</p><p class="ql-block">黄鹂属</p><p class="ql-block">PASSERIFORMES</p><p class="ql-block">Oriolidae</p><p class="ql-block">Oriolus chinensis</p><p class="ql-block">Black-naped Oriole</p><p class="ql-block">Linnaeus, 1766</p><p class="ql-block">OR, AU : widespread</p><p class="ql-block">完全迁徙</p><p class="ql-block">下降</p><p class="ql-block">3.7 年</p><p class="ql-block">Black-naped Oriole is paraphyletic with respect to Eurasian Golden Oriole O. oriolus and Indian Golden Oriole O. kundoo Jønsson et al. 2010; but see Jønsson et al. 2019.</p><p class="ql-block">森林；陆地人为生态</p><p class="ql-block">23-28 cm</p><p class="ql-block">65-100 g</p><p class="ql-block">O. c. diffusus</p><p class="ql-block">Sharpe, 1877</p><p class="ql-block">e Asia</p><p class="ql-block">Ssp. diffusus, andamanensis, and macrourus form a geneticaly divergent clade (Jønsson et al. 2019).</p><p class="ql-block">O. c. andamanensis</p><p class="ql-block">Beavan, 1867</p><p class="ql-block">Andaman Is.</p><p class="ql-block">O. c. macrourus</p><p class="ql-block">Blyth, 1846</p><p class="ql-block">Nicobar Is.</p><p class="ql-block">O. c. maculatus</p><p class="ql-block">Vieillot, 1817</p><p class="ql-block">Malay Pen., Sumatra, Bangka and Belitung (e of s Sumatra), Java, Bali and Borneo</p><p class="ql-block">O. c. mundus</p><p class="ql-block">Richmond, 1903</p><p class="ql-block">Simeulue and Nias (w of n Sumatra)</p><p class="ql-block">O. c. sipora</p><p class="ql-block">Chasen & Kloss, 1926</p><p class="ql-block">Sipura (=Sipora, Mentawai Is., w of c Sumatra)</p><p class="ql-block">O. c. richmondi</p><p class="ql-block">Oberholser, 1912</p><p class="ql-block">Siberut and Pagai (Mentawai Is., w of c Sumatra)</p><p class="ql-block">O. c. lamprochryseus</p><p class="ql-block">Oberholser, 1917</p><p class="ql-block">Masalembu Is. (n of e Java)</p><p class="ql-block">O. c. insularis</p><p class="ql-block">Vorderman, 1893</p><p class="ql-block">Sapudi and Raas (n of e Java) and Kangean Is. (n of Bali)</p><p class="ql-block">O. c. melanisticus</p><p class="ql-block">Meyer, AB & Wiglesworth, 1894</p><p class="ql-block">Talaud Is. (ne of Sulawesi)</p><p class="ql-block">O. c. sangirensis</p><p class="ql-block">Meyer, AB & Wiglesworth, 1898</p><p class="ql-block">n Sangihe Is. (n of Sulawesi)</p><p class="ql-block">O. c. formosus</p><p class="ql-block">Cabanis, 1872</p><p class="ql-block">Siau, Tahulandang, Ruang and Biaro (s Sangihe Is., n of Sulawesi) and Mayu (e of ne Sulawesi)</p><p class="ql-block">O. c. celebensis</p><p class="ql-block">Walden, 1872</p><p class="ql-block">Sulawesi and satellites including Togian Is. (between ne and ec Sulawesi)</p><p class="ql-block">O. c. frontalis</p><p class="ql-block">Wallace, 1863</p><p class="ql-block">Sula Is. (e of Sulawesi)</p><p class="ql-block">O. c. stresemanni</p><p class="ql-block">Neumann, 1939</p><p class="ql-block">Peleng (Banggai Is., e of Sulawesi)</p><p class="ql-block">Add (Walther & Jones 2008).</p><p class="ql-block">O. c. boneratensis</p><p class="ql-block">Meyer, AB & Wiglesworth, 1896</p><p class="ql-block">Flores Sea is. s of Sulawesi</p><p class="ql-block">O. c. broderipi</p><p class="ql-block">Bonaparte, 1850</p><p class="ql-block">Lombok to Alor (w to ec Lesser Sundas)</p><p class="ql-block">O. c. chinensis</p><p class="ql-block">Linnaeus, 1766</p><p class="ql-block">Luzon group and Mindoro and Palawan group (n, sw Philippines)</p><p class="ql-block">O. c. yamamurae</p><p class="ql-block">Kuroda, Nm, 1927</p><p class="ql-block">Visayas, Mindanao and Basilan (c, s Philippines)</p><p class="ql-block">Add (Walther & Jones 2008).</p><p class="ql-block">O. c. suluensis</p><p class="ql-block">Sharpe, 1877</p><p class="ql-block">Sulu Arch. (s Philippines)</p><p class="ql-block">黑枕黄鹂</p><p class="ql-block">黃鸝</p><p class="ql-block">黑枕黃鸝</p><p class="ql-block">Black-naped Oriole</p><p class="ql-block">Oriolus chinensis</p>