博物馆里的小故事

如心

<ul><li>人面鱼纹彩陶盆</li><li>1955年出土于陕西西安半坡遗址</li><li>现存中国国家博物馆</li><li>用途：儿童瓮棺的棺盖</li><li>禁止国外出展文物</li></ul>古代半坡人在许多陶盆上都画有鱼纹和网纹图案，这应与当时的图腾崇拜和经济生活有关，半坡人在河谷阶地营建聚落，过着以农业生产为主的定居生活，兼营采集和渔猎，这种鱼纹装饰是他们生活的写照。 A valuable piece of pottery was made about 10,000 years ago, which is called Painted Pottery Basin with Fish and Human Face Design.It is not a real basin for washing. It is a lid of an urn in which dead children were stored. <ul><li>玉琮王</li><li>1986年出土于杭州余杭反山墓</li><li>现存浙江省博物馆</li><li>祭祀的礼器</li><li>禁止境外展出文物</li></ul>玉琮王通高8.9厘米，上射径17.1厘米至17.6厘米，下射径16.5厘米至17.5厘米，孔内径3.8厘米，器形外方内圆，是已发现的良渚玉琮中最大、最重、刻纹最精美的一件。浙江省文物考古研究所相关负责人表示，在发现玉琮王之初，考古人员并未过多关注玉琮上的纹饰。在它被送往文物库房进行编号、拍照之后，考古人员才发现，玉琮王上竟刻画着头戴羽毛发冠、骑在神兽之上的“神人兽面”图案。 YuCong, or “Jade Cong”, which is a jade tube with a round inside and square outside, is an ancient ritual article. It can prove that Chinese civilization has existed for at least 5000 years.The YuCong was discovered in a tomb on Fanshan Hill. Now you can visit and observe it in Zhejiang Province Museum. The rare YuCong king was excavated from the Neolithic period in liangzhu State. <ul><li>青铜立人像</li><li>1986年于三星堆遗址出土</li><li>现存于四川省三星堆博物馆</li></ul>青铜立人像，距今已有3000多年历史，是中国发现的距今最久远、最高大、最完整的青铜立人像。被誉为“世界铜像之王”。 The picture above is one of China’s ancient brine figure statues, which was found the largest and the earliest of its kind so far in Sanxingdui in Guanghan, Sichuan Province.It’s priceless and can’t be exchanged as a national treasure, it was also exhibited in Britain. Because of its upright figure and exquisite clothing, some experts believe that he was a wizard, while others think that he was an acclaimed king. <ul><li>名称：何尊（国宝级文物）</li><li>出土地：陕西省宝鸡市陈仓区贾村镇</li><li>出土年代：1963年</li><li>尺寸：高38.5cm，口径28.8cm</li><li>禁止境外展出文物</li></ul>贾村镇西街的陈家老二，在一场大雨之后，在院后挖掘倒塌的窑洞时意外发现了一件古铜器。陈家人不知其价值，在清理干净泥土之后，用于装盛粮食。1965年8月，因经济拮据，陈家老大将铜器以30元钱的价格卖给宝鸡市的一家废品收购站。同年9月，宝鸡市博物馆的职工在废品收购站将其发现并抢救运回博物馆。1975年，中国文物局准备将新出土的文物送国外展出，陕西就将此文物送到北京。专家在文物除锈处理时发现了何尊内部的底部有122个铭文汉字，其中有“宅兹中国”和“德”的字样。这是已知最早刻有“德”字的容器。此前古人用“得”字表示得到的得，同时也表示道“德”的“得”。两个得字的分家，表明周代要用心治国，以德治国的理念。因此这个何尊成为响当当的国宝。从2022年开始成为永不在境外展出的文物。何尊名字的来源于何姓贵族制造的尊。 In 1975, the Chinese Cultural Heritage Administration prepared to send the newly unearthed cultural relics to be exhibited abroad. Shanxi Province sent this He Zun to Beijing. During the professional treatment of cultural relics, the expert found 122 inscribed Chinese characters at the base inside the container, and also found its value. Now the He Zun is a national treasure cultural relics and one of the heritage forever banned from being exhibited abroad. <ul><li>东汉击鼓说唱陶俑（国家一级文物）</li><li>1957年出土于四川省成都市天回山东汉崖墓，为东汉明器。</li><li>现藏于中国国家博物馆</li></ul>东汉击鼓说唱陶俑高56厘米，以泥质灰陶制成，头上戴帻，两肩高耸，着裤赤足，左臂环抱一扁鼓，右手举槌欲击，张口嘻笑，神态诙谐，动作夸张，活现一俳优正在说唱的形象。东汉击鼓说唱陶俑被称为“汉代第一俑”，是一件富有浓厚民间气息和地方风貌的优秀雕塑作品。 The tomb figurine provided entertainment in the afterlife, which is reputed as the “No 1 Figurine of the Han Dynasty.”Paiyou performers, usually of low social status, were skillful at cracking jokes and teasing, similar to the clown in modern drama. <ul><li>长信宫灯</li><li>1968年于河北省满城县，中山靖王刘胜妻窦绾墓中出土。</li><li>禁止出境展览文物</li></ul>宫灯灯体为一通体鎏金、双手执灯跽坐的宫女，神态恬静优雅。灯体通高48厘米，重15.85公斤。长信宫灯设计十分巧妙，宫女一手执灯，另一手袖似在挡风，实为虹管，用以吸收油烟，既防止了空气污染，又有审美价值。1971年，美国前国务卿亨利· 基辛格访华时表示中国人太了不起了，早在两千年前就有了环保理念。这件文物可能是世界上最早的环保灯。 The Changxin Palace Lamp is listed as one of the cultural relics prohibited from being taken out of the country for exhibition.What makes it unique is that 2000 years ago, people already incorporated environmental concepts. Intriguingly, her right arm also acts as an exhaust pipe. The candle smoke flows through her arm into her hollow body where water is stored, which dissolves soot and prevents the lamp from polluting the indoor air. Former United States Secretary of State Henry Kissinger said that the cultural relic was probably the world’s earliest eco-friendly lamp when he visited China in 1971. <ul><li>洛神赋图</li><li>顾恺之</li><li>东晋</li></ul>洛神赋图是顾恺之的第一幅根据文学作品曹植的《洛神赋》改编的丝绸长卷，它开创了中国画传统长卷的先河。顾以连环画的方式呈现了一个凄美的人神之恋故事。 The 6-meter handscroll "Nymph of the Luo River" is considered the first Chinese painting adapted from a literary work. Painted by Gu Kaizhi and presented in the manner similar to a comic strip, it tells the bittersweet love story of a man and a goddess. <ul><li>鹿王本生图 </li><li>位于敦煌莫高窟</li><li>北魏时期</li></ul>九色鹿原形象创作于北魏时期，是敦煌莫高窟壁画《鹿王本生》的九色鹿王。“鹿王本生”说的是释迦牟尼前世是九色鹿王，他在恒河救下一个险将要溺水的人、差点遭受出卖的九色鹿的故事。故事宣扬正义，歌颂伟大而高尚的品德，谴责忘恩负义的邪恶灵魂，进一步宣扬善有善报、恶有恶报的思想。 This artwork takes the form of a horizontal scroll with the story unfolding from both ends and converging in the middle. It consists of multiple scenes depicting various stages of the story, all seamlessly connected to create a coherent narrative. In the murals of the Northern Wei period in Dunhuang, Jataka stories are an important theme. Jataka stories refer to the countless events and experiences in the past lives of Siddhartha Gautama, who would later become the founder of Buddhism. “The Story of the Nine-Colored Deer King” is just one of them. <ul><li>十二生肖俑</li><li>陕西历史博物馆 </li><li>唐代 </li></ul>身着袍服站立的兽首人身十二生肖俑流行于唐代。摆放在墓室的四壁，按子午方向排列，同时也可以表示时间，随葬入墓希望十二时辰的神灵轮流执勤守护墓主人，祈求墓室永固。 The twelve zodiac figurines currently housed in the Shaanxi History Museum retain the heads shaped like the animals they represent, yet their bodies have taken on a human form. They are draped in the wide-sleeved robes popular during the Tang era and stand erectly on circular platforms. Their heads are slightly raised, expressions solemn, resembling the dignified scholars standing in court. <ul><li>《祭侄文稿》</li><li>颜真卿</li><li>唐代</li></ul>这是追祭侄儿颜季明的草稿。共二十三行，凡二百三十四字。这篇文稿追叙了常山太守颜杲卿父子一门在安禄山叛乱时，挺身而出，坚决抵抗，以致“父陷子死，巢倾卵覆”、取义成仁之事。此稿是在极度悲愤的情绪下书写，不顾笔墨之工拙，故字随书家情绪起伏，纯是精神和平时工力的自然流露。故称天《祭侄文稿》是极具史料价值和艺术价值的墨迹原作之一。 "Draft of a Requiem to My Nephew" stands out. Written in 758 AD, the piece commemorates his cousin, Yan Gaoqing, and nephew, Yan Jiming, who fell by enemies’ swords when fighting to put down a rebellion. <ul><li>汝窑</li><li>河南汝州</li><li>北宋</li></ul>　宋徽宗的一梦天青，成就了汝瓷。　为了做出“雨过天青”的颜色，工匠们用尽各种方法，来实现徽宗的梦。他们在烧制釉色独特的汝窑瓷，选玛瑙石入釉，才使汝瓷呈现出汁如堆脂、面若美玉、莹润纯净、素雅高贵的皇家之气。 The Song Dynasty was a golden age in the history of China’s porcelain industry. Ru Kiln is the most famous of the five great kilns.The above photo was taken by me when I visited the British Museum. <ul><li>《千里江山图》</li><li>王希梦</li><li>宋朝</li></ul>《千里江山图》是中国十大传世名画之一，由北宋画家王希孟在18岁时用半年时间画成。不同于黑白色调的水墨画，该画因用石青石绿色的矿物质颜料绘成而得名，绚丽的青绿色调交织描绘着千里江山的锦绣恢弘。王希孟（1096年—1119年），中国宋代画家，擅作青绿山水。北宋政和年间18岁入文书库，即当时的宫廷画院，数次献画但水平不高。宋徽宗指导其画技，半年后王献了一幅图，被宋徽宗赐予宰相蔡京。 Depicting the scenery of beautiful mountains surrounded by vast rivers, the 12-meter-long scroll is the only work by Wang Ximeng, who was a teenager, that has been passed down to the present. 蔡京为此画写的跋文 <ul><li>金丝翼善冠（又名：金丝翼善冠或金丝蟠龙翼善冠）</li><li>明十三陵博物馆</li><li>万历四十八年前后（1620年）</li><li>明十三陵定陵</li></ul>金冠又称金丝翼善冠，由三部分组成，前屋、后山和两角。前屋指的是帽壳部分，工匠是用“编灯笼空儿”的方法，从上至下细金丝手工编结而成，由于工匠的技艺纯熟，编的花纹不仅空档均匀，疏密一致，而且中间无小结，看上去薄如轻纱，半圆形的帽山上挺立着两个状如兔耳的金丝网片，即两角。后山的正前方是精彩的二龙戏珠图案。目前金冠在我国仅此一顶，堪称国宝。 The crown is woven with 852 strands of gold wire and weighs only 826 grams. It featured two rabbit-ear-shaped gold wire meshes, with a large pearl sit between them. Two dragons, shaped from gold wires, appear to play with pearl atop the crown. <ul><li>《荷花双凫图》</li><li>八大山人</li><li>明代</li></ul>两石安排颇见匠心，一高一低，一大一小，一仆一俏，一边角一中下。画中的荷叶数柄，高可过人，有浓有淡，形态各异，错落有致。双鸭各占一石，各行其是，且都具有犀利的喙和大大的白眼。这是八大山人描绘鸟类眼睛的特征：白眼。画作描绘了夏日河塘边上的景色，就是一幅极有意境的“白眼佳作”。此画虽为荷塘小品，但颇有范宽大山大水的雄浑气魄，一石可当一山之用，数荷可见千里荷塘之概，大气磅礴，神可夺人。 This picture shows one large and one small stones; two ducks stands on stones separately; several lotus; and a large open space in the middle. There is no interaction between the two birds, but both are painted with razor-sharp beak and large rolling eyes. <ul><li>《孤禽图》</li><li>八大山人</li><li>明代</li></ul>《孤禽图》一作，虽然着墨不多，却是莫名的打动人。白纸上只有一只黑色的鸟侧身独脚站立，弓背缩脖，标志性的白眼透露出一股冷漠倔犟和孤高与不羁。 On the white paper of the painting, there is only a black bird standing side ways with one leg on the ground. It hundred back and struck neck reveal a sense of aloofness, stubbornness, and an air of being independent and unrestrained. The characteristics white eyes of the birds convey a hint of coldness and determination.