<p class="ql-block">2021.2.14在孩子们的安排下,我们全家一起游玩了西施故里,步入园中犹如进入了人间仙境。</p><p class="ql-block">西施是中国古代四大美女之一。</p><p class="ql-block">西施,子姓施氏(9月19日出生,农历八月二十五,公元前503—473年),本名施夷光,<a href="https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B%E6%97%B6%E6%9C%9F/511882" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(58, 127, 222);">春秋时期</a><a href="https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E8%B6%8A%E5%9B%BD/24727" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(58, 127, 222);">越国</a>美女,一般称为西施,后人尊称其“西子“,春秋末期出生于越国句无苎萝村(今浙江省绍兴市<a href="https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E8%AF%B8%E6%9A%A8/2584357" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(58, 127, 222);">诸暨</a><a href="https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E8%8B%8E%E8%90%9D%E6%9D%91/8156768" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(58, 127, 222);">苎萝村</a>),自幼随母<a href="https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E6%B5%A3%E7%BA%B1/45660" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(58, 127, 222);">浣纱</a>江边,故又称“<a href="https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E6%B5%A3%E7%BA%B1%E5%A5%B3/3088922" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(58, 127, 222);">浣纱女</a>”。她天生丽质、<a href="https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%80%BE%E5%9B%BD%E5%80%BE%E5%9F%8E/22961" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(58, 127, 222);">倾国倾城</a>,是美的化身和代名词。<span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);">[1]</span></p><p class="ql-block">越王<a href="https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%8B%BE%E8%B7%B5/61035" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(58, 127, 222);">勾践</a>在对<a href="https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%90%B4%E5%9B%BD/13313" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(58, 127, 222);">吴国</a>战争中失利后,采纳<a href="https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E6%96%87%E7%A7%8D/854761" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(58, 127, 222);">文种</a>“伐吴九术(一说七术<span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);">[2]</span>)”之四“遗美女以惑其心,而乱其谋”,于<a href="https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E8%8B%8E%E8%90%9D%E5%B1%B1/6758233" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(58, 127, 222);">苎萝山</a>下得西施、<a href="https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E9%83%91%E6%97%A6/3704" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(58, 127, 222);">郑旦</a>二人。并于土城山建美女宫,教以歌舞礼仪,饰以罗 ,教以容步,习于土城,临于都巷。三年学成,使<a href="https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E8%8C%83%E8%A0%A1/425181" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(58, 127, 222);">范蠡</a>献于吴王。吴王<a href="https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%A4%AB%E5%B7%AE/133324" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(58, 127, 222);">夫差</a>大悦,筑<a href="https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%A7%91%E8%8B%8F%E5%8F%B0/11044969" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(58, 127, 222);">姑苏台</a>,建馆娃宫,置二女于椒花之房,沉溺酒色,荒于国政,而宠嬖西施尤甚。勾践灭吴后,西施随<a href="https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E8%8C%83%E8%A0%A1/425181" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(58, 127, 222);">范蠡</a>泛五湖而去,不知所终。一说沉江而死,一说复归浣江,终老山林。<span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);">[1]</span></p><p class="ql-block">西施与<a href="https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E7%8E%8B%E6%98%AD%E5%90%9B/5307" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(58, 127, 222);">王昭君</a>、<a href="https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E8%B2%82%E8%9D%89/6269" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(58, 127, 222);">貂蝉</a>、<a href="https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E6%9D%A8%E7%8E%89%E7%8E%AF/403348" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(58, 127, 222);">杨玉环</a>并称为“<a href="https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E5%9B%9B%E5%A4%A7%E7%BE%8E%E5%A5%B3/701090" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(58, 127, 222);">中国古代四大美女</a>”,其中,西施居首。四大美女享有“<a href="https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E6%B2%89%E9%B1%BC%E8%90%BD%E9%9B%81/817956" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(58, 127, 222);">沉鱼落雁</a>之容,<a href="https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E9%97%AD%E6%9C%88%E7%BE%9E%E8%8A%B1/285826" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(58, 127, 222);">闭月羞花</a>之貌”之美誉。其中的“<a href="https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E6%B2%89%E9%B1%BC/296523" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(58, 127, 222);">沉鱼</a>”一词,讲述的就是“<a href="https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%BD%E6%B5%A3%E7%BA%B1/7370501" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(58, 127, 222);">西施浣纱</a>”的故事。</p><ul class="ql-block"><li>本名</li><li>施夷光</li><li>别名</li><li>西施、西子、先施、丽姬、西西</li><li>所处时代</li><li>春秋末期</li><li>民族族群</li><li>华夏族</li><li>出生地</li><li>越国<a href="https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%8F%A5%E6%97%A0/6610561" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(58, 127, 222);">句无</a>苎萝村(今浙江诸暨)</li></ul><p class="ql-block"><br></p> <p class="ql-block">越绍兴苎萝村鬻柴者有女,因居村西,故称西施,一作先施。貌若天仙,增半分嫌腴,减半分则瘦,为古今美人第一,西施一词遂为美女之代称。西子病心而颦,村东丑女见而美之,亦捧心而<a href="https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E6%95%88%E9%A2%A6" target="_blank" style="color:rgb(58, 127, 222);">效颦</a>,富人见之,闭户不出;贫人见之,挈妻子而去。<a href="https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%B8%9C%E6%96%BD" target="_blank" style="color:rgb(58, 127, 222);">东施</a>知美颦而不知颦之所以美,此即<a href="https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%B8%9C%E6%96%BD%E6%95%88%E9%A2%A6" target="_blank" style="color:rgb(58, 127, 222);">东施效颦</a>之典<span style="color:rgb(136, 136, 136);">[4]</span> 。西施常浣纱于水上,鱼为之沉,故有<a href="https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E6%B2%89%E9%B1%BC" target="_blank" style="color:rgb(58, 127, 222);">沉鱼</a>之说,世人因名其溪。越君<a href="https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%8B%BE%E8%B7%B5/61035" target="_blank" style="color:rgb(58, 127, 222);">勾践</a>图复国,以吴王好色,乃用<a href="https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E8%8C%83%E8%A0%A1" target="_blank" style="color:rgb(58, 127, 222);">范蠡</a>谋,徧访国中美色,得西施,饰以罗榖,教以容步,习于土城,临于都巷。三年学服,乃献于<a href="https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%90%B4%E7%8E%8B%E5%A4%AB%E5%B7%AE" target="_blank" style="color:rgb(58, 127, 222);">吴王夫差</a>。吴王嬖之,日事游乐而废<a href="https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E6%9C%9D%E6%94%BF" target="_blank" style="color:rgb(58, 127, 222);">朝政</a>,亲<a href="https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%BD%9E%E5%B9%B8" target="_blank" style="color:rgb(58, 127, 222);">佞幸</a>而远<a href="https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E8%B4%A4%E8%89%AF/10170529" target="_blank" style="color:rgb(58, 127, 222);">贤良</a>,终至国破身亡。吴既灭,勾践以西子为亡国尤物,浮西子于江,令随<a href="https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E9%B8%B1%E5%A4%B7" target="_blank" style="color:rgb(58, 127, 222);">鸱夷</a>以终。鸱夷者,<a href="https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%BC%8D%E5%AD%90%E8%83%A5/28115" target="_blank" style="color:rgb(58, 127, 222);">伍子胥</a>死而盛以鸱夷,其死西子有力,故沉西子以报(伍)子胥之忠。</p><p class="ql-block" style="text-align:center;">西施</p><p class="ql-block">《墨子》曰:“吴起之裂,其功也;西施之沈,其美也。”自古至今,以女色亡国者,世皆罪于女,惟西子例外,无人将其比之<a href="https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%A6%B9%E5%96%9C" target="_blank" style="color:rgb(58, 127, 222);">妹喜</a>、<a href="https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%A6%B2%E5%B7%B1/6941" target="_blank" style="color:rgb(58, 127, 222);">妲己</a>、<a href="https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E8%A4%92%E5%A7%92/432391" target="_blank" style="color:rgb(58, 127, 222);">褒姒</a>之流,是西子之幸,或三女之不幸?</p><p class="ql-block"><a href="https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%B4%94%E9%81%93%E8%9E%8D/8371229" target="_blank" style="color:rgb(58, 127, 222);">崔道融</a>《<a href="https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%BD%E6%BB%A9" target="_blank" style="color:rgb(58, 127, 222);">西施滩</a>》云:“宰嚭亡吴国,西施陷恶名。浣纱春水急,似有不平声。”<a href="https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E7%BD%97%E9%9A%90/17438" target="_blank" style="color:rgb(58, 127, 222);">罗隐</a>云:“家国兴亡自有时,吴人何苦怨西施。西施若解倾吴国,越国亡来又是谁?”</p><p class="ql-block"><a href="https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E7%8E%8B%E7%BB%B4/37558" target="_blank" style="color:rgb(58, 127, 222);">王维</a>《<a href="https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%BD%E5%92%8F" target="_blank" style="color:rgb(58, 127, 222);">西施咏</a>》云:“艳色天下重,西施甯久微。朝为越溪女,暮作吴宫妃。贱日岂殊众,贵来方悟稀。邀人傅珠粉,不自著罗衣。君宠益骄态,君怜无是非。当时浣纱伴,莫得同车归。持谢邻家子,效颦安可希。”鱼玄机云:“吴越相谋计策多,浣纱女神去相和。一双笑靥纔回首,十万精兵尽倒戈。”</p><p class="ql-block"><a href="https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E7%9A%AE%E6%97%A5%E4%BC%91" target="_blank" style="color:rgb(58, 127, 222);">皮日休</a>《<a href="https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E9%A6%86%E5%A8%83%E5%AE%AB%E6%80%80%E5%8F%A4/9989895" target="_blank" style="color:rgb(58, 127, 222);">馆娃宫怀古</a>》云:“绮阁飘香下太湖,乱兵侵晓上姑苏。越王大有堪羞处,只把西施赚得吴。”卢挚《西施》云:“建姑苏百尺高台,贪看西施,杏脸桃腮。月暗钱塘,不提防越国兵来。吴王冢残阳暮霭,伍员长文老树苍苔。<a href="https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E8%8C%83%E8%A0%A1" target="_blank" style="color:rgb(58, 127, 222);">范蠡</a>贤哉,社稷功成,烟水船开!”明姚绶诗云:“西施昔日浣纱津,石上青苔思杀人。一去姑苏无复返,岸旁桃李为谁春?”</p><p class="ql-block" style="text-align:center;">西施像</p><p class="ql-block">今<a href="https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E8%8B%8F%E5%B7%9E%E5%9F%8E" target="_blank" style="color:rgb(58, 127, 222);">苏州城</a>西有<a href="https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E9%A6%86%E5%A8%83%E5%AE%AB" target="_blank" style="color:rgb(58, 127, 222);">馆娃宫</a>、一剑泾、<a href="https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E7%8E%A9%E6%9C%88%E6%B1%A0" target="_blank" style="color:rgb(58, 127, 222);">玩月池</a>、<a href="https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%93%8D%E5%B1%A7%E5%BB%8A" target="_blank" style="color:rgb(58, 127, 222);">响屧廊</a>、西施洞等遗迹。诸暨苎萝村有西子祠,田锡山撰联云:“决报吴心,成沼吴功,夫婿五湖舟,坐笑先机文种味;以倾国貌,洗辱国耻,女儿百世祀,若论配飨木兰宜。”</p>