主旨大意题

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主旨大意题增分点(一)——文章大意 [典例](2018·全国卷Ⅰ阅读C节选) Languages have been coming and going for thousands of years, but in recent times there has been less coming and a lot more going. When the world was still populated by huntergatherers, small, tightly knit (联系) groups developed their own patterns of speech independent of each other. Some language experts believe that 10,000 years ago, when the world had just five to ten million people, they spoke perhaps 12,000 languages between them. Soon afterwards, many of those people started settling down to become farmers, and their languages too became more settled and fewer in number. In recent centuries, trade, industrialisation, the development of the nationstate and the spread of universal compulsory education, especially globalisation and better communications in the past few decades, all have caused many languages to disappear, and dominant languages such as English, Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over. At present, the world has about 6,800 languages.The distribution(分布) of these languages is hugely uneven（平均）.The general rule is that mild （温和的）zones （地带）have relatively few languages, often spoken by many people, while hot, wet zones have lots, often spoken by small numbers.Europe has only around 200 languages; the Americas about 1,000; Africa 2,400; and Asia and the Pacific perhaps 3,200, of which Papua New Guinea alone accounts for well over 800.The median number (中位数) of speakers is a mere 6,000, which means that half the world’s languages are spoken by fewer people than that. Already well over 400 of the total of 6,800 languages are close to extinction (消亡), with only a few elderly speakers left.Pick, at random, Busuu in Cameroon (eight remaining speakers), Chiapaneco in Mexico (150), Lipan Apache in the United States (two or three) or Wadjigu in Australia (one, with a questionmark): none of these seems to have much chance of survival.  31.What is the main idea of the text? A．New languages will be created. B．People’s lifestyles are reflected in languages. C．Human development results in fewer languages. D．Geography determines language evolution [解析]选C　第一段说明语言已有几千年的历史，但有一些语言正在消失；第二段说明随着人类社会的发展，语言变得更少；第三段说明语言的分布是不均匀的；第四段介绍了超过400种语言正面临消亡的威胁。整篇文章主要说明的是由于人类社会的发展导致了语言变得越来越少。故选C。 [增分技巧] 1．快速确定文章大意 (1)归纳要点抓大意。适用于没有明显的主题句的文章或段落。 (2)从段落中抓大意。适用于主题句位于文章或段落中间类型的文章。 (3)读首句抓大意。适用于主题句出现在开头的文章，如说明文、议论文、科技文献和新闻报道。 (4)读尾句抓大意。适用于主题句出现在段尾/篇尾的文章，是最常见的归纳法写作方式。 2．找主题句的5个小窍门 (1)段落中出现表示转折的词语(如however, but, in fact, on the contrary, in contrast等)时，其后的句子很可能是主题句。 (2)首段出现疑问句时，对该问题的回答很可能就是主题句。 (3)作者有意识地反复强调的观点，通常是主旨；反复出现的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词(主旨句常包含关键词)。 (4)首段出现具体例子或假设时，例子或假设后面的内容可能是主题句。 (5)表示总结或结论词语常有therefore, thus, in short, conclude, conclusion等。 3．解题原则 文章大意题难度较大，属于区分度很高的选拔性题目。注意无论此类题目出现在什么位置都要作为最后一道题来做，因为只有通读全文后才能更好地把握文章主题，并且文章中其他题目的解答也会有助于对整篇文章主旨的理解。 A(2018·全国卷Ⅲ阅读B节选) Cities usually have a good reason for being where they are, like a nearby port or river.People settle in（定居） these places because they are easy to get to and naturally suited to communications and trade. New York City, for example, is near a large harbour（港口） at the mouth of the Hudson River. Over 300 years its population grew gradually from 800 people to 8 million. But not all cities develop slowly over a long period of time. Boom towns grow from nothing almost overnight. In 1896, Dawson, Canada, was unmapped wilderness (荒野)．But gold was discovered there in 1897, and two years later, it was one of the largest cities in the West, with a population of 30,000. Dawson did not have any of the natural conveniences of cities like London or Paris. People went there for gold.They travelled over snowcovered mountains and sailed hundreds of miles up icy rivers.The path to Dawson was covered with thirty feet of wet snow that could fall without warning. An avalanche (雪崩) once closed the path, killing 63 people.For many who made it to Dawson, however, the rewards were worth the difficult trip.Of the first 20,000 people who dug for gold, 4,000 got rich. About 100 of these stayed rich men for the rest of their lives. But no matter how rich they were, Dawson was never comfortable. Necessities like food and wood were very expensive. But soon, the gold that Dawson depended on had all been found.The city was crowded with disappointed people with no interest in settling down, and when they heard there were new gold discoveries in Alaska, they left Dawson City as quickly as they had come. Today, people still come and go — to see where the Canadian gold rush happened. Tourism is now the chief industry of Dawson City — its present population is 762. 27．What is the text mainly about? A．The rise and fall of a city. B．The gold rush in Canada. C．Journeys into the wilderness. D．Tourism in Dawson 解析： 选A　第一段简要介绍了决定城市发展的因素，引出道森这一城市的兴起；第二段介绍了该城市兴起的原因；第三段介绍该城市的衰落及现在的状况，所以全文是围绕道森这个城市的发展兴衰展开的。故A项正确。 B(2017·全国卷Ⅲ阅读C节选) After years of heated debate（争论）, gray wolves were reintroduced to Yellowstone National Park. Fourteen wolves were caught in Canada and transported （运输）to the park.By last year, the Yellowstone wolf population had grown to more than 170 wolves. Gray wolves once were seen here and there in the Yellowstone area and much of the continental United States, but they were gradually displaced by human development.By the 1920s, wolves had practically disappeared from the Yellowstone area.They went farther north into the deep forests of Canada, where there were fewer humans around. The disappearance of the wolves had many unexpected results. Deer and elk populations — major food sources (来源) for the wolf — grew rapidly.These animals consumed large amounts of vegetation (植被), which reduced plant diversity（多样性） in the park. In the absence of wolves, coyote(丛林狼) populations also grew quickly. The coyotes killed a large percentage of the park’s red foxes, and completely drove away the park’s beavers(海狸). As early as 1966, biologists asked the government to consider reintroducing wolves to Yellowstone Park.They hoped that wolves would be able to control the elk and coyote problems. Many farmers opposed（反对） the plan because they feared that wolves would kill their farm animals or pets. The government spent nearly 30 years coming up with a plan to reintroduce the wolves.The U．S.Fish and Wildlife Service carefully monitors and manages the wolf packs in Yellowstone.Today, the debate continues over how well the gray wolf is fitting in at Yellowstone. Elk, deer, and coyote populations are down, while beavers and red foxes have made a comeback. The Yellowstone wolf project has been a valuable experiment to help biologists decide whether to reintroduce wolves to other parts of the country as well. 28．What is the text mainly about? A．Wildlife research in the United States. B．Plant diversity in the Yellowstone area. C．The conflict between farmers and gray wolves. D．The reintroduction of wolves to Yellowstone Park. 解析：选D　本文第一段点明在争议了几年之后，灰狼被重新引入黄石国家公园；第二、三段叙述灰狼曾经随处可见，可后来由于人类的发展，该种群被渐渐驱离这里并引发了一系列生态问题；第四、五段叙述生物学家建议重新引入灰狼，以及重新引入灰狼后的效果。由此归纳文章大意为：黄石国家公园里灰狼的消失导致了一系列生态问题，生物学家最终决定将灰狼重新引入黄石国家公园，从而改善了公园里的生态环境。故选D C(2017·浙江高考阅读A节选) Benjamin West, the father of American painting, showed his talent for art when he was only six years of age.But he did not know about brushes before a visitor told him he needed one.In those days, a brush was made from camel’s hair. There were no camels nearby. Benjamin decided that cat hair would work instead. He cut some fur from the family cat to make a brush. ... In 1747, when Benjamin was nine years old, Mr.Pennington returned for another visit. He was amazed at what Benjamin had done with his gift. He asked Benjamin’s parents if he might take the boy back to Philadelphia for a visit. In the city, Mr.Pennington gave Benjamin materials for creating oil paintings.The boy began a landscape (风景) painting.William Williams, a wellknown painter, came to see him work. Williams was impressed with Benjamin and gave him two classic books on painting to take home.The books were long and dull.Benjamin could read only a little, having been a poor student.But he later said, “Those two books were my companions(同伴) by day, and under my pillow at night.” While it is likely that he understood very little of the books, they were his introduction to classical paintings.The nine—year—old boy decided then that he would be an artist. 21．What is the text mainly about? A．Benjamin’s visit to Philadelphia. B．Williams’ influence on Benjamin. C．The beginning of Benjamin’s life as an artist. D．The friendship between Benjamin and Pennington 解析： 选C　根据第一段第一句 “ Benjamin West, the father of American painting, showed his talent for art when he was only six years of age. ” 以及选文第二段第一句 “ In 1747, when Benjamin was nine years old ” 和最后一段，并结合全文可知，本文主要讲述了艺术家本杰明·韦斯特少年时代的艺术启蒙。