<h3>在现代，各种机械化的设备，让琢玉变得越发简单，不论是在前期准备方面的原料切割，还是后期精修上的细心打磨。机械化设备带来的简单便捷是显而易见的。而在古代，那个没有机械，没有电，甚至是没有工具，全靠自己摸索的年代，古人是如何琢玉的呢？</h3><h3><br></h3><h3> </h3><h3><br></h3><h3>制玉工具</h3><h3><br></h3><h3><br></h3> <p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 25px; text-size-adjust: auto; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 2px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">1、制玉机器</span></h3><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 25px; text-size-adjust: auto; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 2px; text-align: center; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"> </span></h3><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 25px; text-size-adjust: auto; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 2px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">这是古代制玉用的砣机，又名“水凳”，坐水凳这词大家肯定经常听到！</span></h3><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 25px; text-size-adjust: auto; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 2px; text-align: center; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"> </span></h3> <h3>2、解玉砂</h3><h3><br></h3><h3> </h3><h3><br></h3><h3>解玉砂往往都是用比玉石硬度高的矿物磨成的，粗的颗粒用来切割，细的就用在纹饰雕刻上面！一边都是工具搭配解玉砂一起使用！</h3><h3><br></h3><h3> </h3> <h3>3、砣具</h3><h3><br></h3><h3><br></h3><h3><br></h3><h3>最常见的工具，可用于切割、镂空、钻孔和打磨。相当于咱们现在的切割机！</h3><h3><br></h3><h3><br></h3> <h3>砣具切割示意图</h3> <h3>4、线具</h3><h3><br></h3><h3> </h3><h3><br></h3><h3>同样是用于切割，但是这个更加麻烦，切一块玉都要数小时之久！</h3><h3><br></h3><h3> </h3> <p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 25px; text-size-adjust: auto; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 2px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">5、金属片状工具</span></h3><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 25px; text-size-adjust: auto; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 2px; text-align: center; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"> </span></h3><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 25px; text-size-adjust: auto; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 2px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">这种工具都是铁匠打出来的，主要用于片料，我们经常在拍卖会上看到一些精美的片状玉雕，都是这样切出来的，非常工整。</span></h3> <p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 25px; text-size-adjust: auto; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 2px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">6、管具</span></h3><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 25px; text-size-adjust: auto; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 2px; text-align: center; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"> </span></h3><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 25px; text-size-adjust: auto; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 2px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">管状道具主要用来打孔，一般都是满满钻进去的，如同钻木去火一般，钻出一个孔来！</span></h3><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 25px; text-size-adjust: auto; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 2px; text-align: center; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"> </span></h3> <p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 25px; text-size-adjust: auto; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 2px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">7、桯具</span></h3><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 25px; text-size-adjust: auto; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></h3><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 25px; text-size-adjust: auto; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 2px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">也是用来打孔的，不过是实心的。</span></h3><h3><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 2px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br></span></h3> <h3>制作工序</h3><h3><br></h3><h3> </h3><h3><br></h3><h3>我们以古代常见的蹄形器、玉璧、玉琮的制作为例。</h3><h3><br></h3><h3> </h3><h3><br></h3><h3>1、蹄形器</h3><h3><br></h3><h3>①以桯具打孔</h3><h3><br></h3><h3>②将线穿入孔中</h3><h3><br></h3><h3>③沿边线切，取出中心玉料。</h3><h3><br></h3><h3><br></h3> <h3>2、玉璧</h3><h3><br></h3><h3>①管具钻孔，取出中心玉料</h3><h3><br></h3><h3>②使用砣具切割成圆</h3><h3><br></h3><h3><br></h3> <p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 25px; text-size-adjust: auto; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 2px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">3、玉琮</span></h3><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 25px; text-size-adjust: auto; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 2px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">①切磨外形</span></h3><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 25px; text-size-adjust: auto; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 2px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">②管具钻孔取芯</span></h3><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 25px; text-size-adjust: auto; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 2px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">③砣具去方成圆</span></h3><h3><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 2px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br></span></h3> <h3>雕刻纹饰</h3><h3><br></h3><h3><br></h3><h3><br></h3><h3>我们以春秋时期的蒲文璧为例</h3><h3><br></h3><h3>①使用砣具雕琢三对平行线即可。</h3><h3><br></h3><h3><br></h3><h3><br></h3> <h3>关于玉器的制作</h3><h3><br></h3><h3><br></h3><h3><br></h3><h3>这得从两万年前的北京周口店山顶洞人时期说起，在周口店遗址中发现了原始的兽骨饰品、贝壳和石头珠，其中一些甚至还有染色工艺，可见两万年前原始人类就已经掌握了石器的钻孔技术。</h3><h3><br></h3><h3><br></h3> <h3>旧石器时期的兽牙珠子，能看到原石的手工钻孔。</h3><h3><br></h3><h3><br></h3><h3><br></h3><h3>在旧石器时期，人们就有了佩戴饰物的习惯，那时候的就开始有意识的在一些漂亮的石头上钻眼穿绳佩戴。当时用的是兽齿、石头钻头，为了增加钻头的使用寿命，会加入硬度更高的细沙。</h3><h3><br></h3><h3><br></h3><h3><br></h3><h3>当时人们只能用双手转动带石头钻头的木棍来打眼，表面也只能简单的打磨方式制作简单的形状，比如磨圆或者磨成方的。</h3> <h3>红山文化玉器钻孔痕迹</h3><h3><br></h3><h3><br></h3><h3><br></h3><h3>距今八千年的红山文化，玉器的制作已经有了长足的进步，这时候的玉器还看不到细阴线，应该还没有出现旋转陀机。虽然有了桯钻和管钻，但是从红山文化玉器上看，应该不是轴心旋转陀机制作的。</h3><h3><br></h3><h3><br></h3> <h3>红山文化玉器上的打磨痕迹</h3><h3><br></h3><h3><br></h3><h3><br></h3><h3>陀机出现的时间很多人认为是良渚文化时期，目前还没有定论，因为良渚文化玉器上的细阴线更像是用刀加解玉砂磨出来的。但是到了商代，其工艺可以确认是双人操作的陀机制作的，而且已经用了青铜陀具。</h3><h3><br></h3><h3><br></h3> <h3>桯钻打孔的孔壁痕迹</h3><h3><br></h3><h3><br></h3><h3><br></h3><h3>这种跪式的双人陀机，必须一个人拉动转轮，一个人在陀具下，一手拿玉，一手加解玉砂。这种跪式双人一直到南北朝出现了以脚踩作为动力的水凳，从此玉雕就进入了单人单陀机制作玉器的时代。</h3><h3><br></h3><h3><br></h3> <h3>单人操作的水凳</h3><h3><br></h3><h3><br></h3><h3><br></h3><h3>人们最早用的是野兽牙齿在玉石上反复刻画，包括良渚文化的很多线条都是用传说中的“昆吾刀”刻制的，直到商代出现青铜陀具，玉器的纹饰可以做得越来越精美。到了汉代才开始普及铁制陀具，并且一直延续到现在，不同的是铁制陀针越来细，样式功能也越来越完善。</h3> <h3>现代陀针</h3><h3><br></h3><h3><br></h3><h3><br></h3><h3>古代玉器制作一般有开大料、扎锅、冲锅、磨锅、掏膛、镂空、上花、钻孔和抛光的工序。开大料一般用大型的线锯由两人拉动配合解玉砂切割大料，然后就是上陀机用大陀轮切出大样，再经过成型、碾陀上花、用桯钻钻孔、搜弓镂花，皮陀抛光，一件玉器才能算是成品。</h3><h3><br></h3><h3><br></h3><h3><br></h3><h3>我坚信，真正的顶级玉雕，还是离不开手工的雕刻与打磨，就像老话说的那样：“慢工才能出细活”！</h3><h3><br></h3><h3><br></h3><h3><br></h3><h3>馆藏古玉器欣赏</h3> <h3>声明：玉器圈以传播古玉文化为宗旨，文源网络，版权归属原作所有，转发请注明来源玉器圈。</h3><h3><br></h3><h3>平台发布的内容作为分享、研讨之用，内容仅供参考，玉器圈传播需要您的力量。</h3>