<p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; text-indent: 43px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 21px; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">蒙古族主要从事畜牧业生产,牲畜既是生产资料,也是生活资料,牧民日常的衣、食、住、行,都有赖于牲畜及其畜产品。</span></h3><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; text-indent: 43px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 21px; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">牧名为了骑马和御寒需要,多穿广袖宽服。在春、夏、秋三季,穿用棉布或绸缎制作的蒙古袍,下摆(大襟)肥大,长垂达靴腰。而冬季的着装,主要取材于牲畜的毛皮。</span></h3><h5 style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; text-indent: 48px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 21px; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">内蒙古的冬天极为寒冷,为了御寒,牧民们用山羊皮,绵羊皮或虎,狍、狼等兽皮以及羊毛编织品制作衣抱、被褥、袜子等;用狐狸、猞猁皮等做帽子;用牛皮做靴鞋和马具等。 </span></h5> <p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; text-indent: 48px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 21px; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">过去春、秋两季,也穿用较薄的羊羔皮或兽皮去毛绒后做的衣服。脱去毛的革经鞣制,还可做成夏季穿的皮衣、皮裤等。总之,牲畜毛皮在牧民日常生活中用途极广。</span><br style="max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 21px; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></span></h3><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 21px; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></span></h3><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; text-indent: 43px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 21px; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">牧民穿的长袍,一间,腰间要扎上长达数十尺的绸缎或布腰带。这种服装十分适合游牧生活的需要,在野外露宿时,用皮袍裹身亦可当被褥用。近代以来,因其生产、生活方式有所改变,蒙古族亦多喜穿着使用棉、丝、麻制品衣料做的袍子,富裕起来的牧民,多用绸缎面料来做衣服。</span></h3><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; text-indent: 43px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 21px; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">从前,妇女喜好包头,无论春、夏、秋、冬,皆用丝绸或布料在头上缠几圈。一般妇女都结发,并讲究戴头饰。头饰多为银簪,镶嵌着玛瑙、琥珀、珍珠、宝石等,珠帘垂面,琳琅璀璨。头戴金银珠宝多少,分量轻重,是显示其社会地位尊卑的主要象征。</span></h3> <h3><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; font-size: 21px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 43px; white-space: normal;">牧民以放牧牛、马、羊为生,因此他们的日常饮食离不开牛、羊肉以及奶,即以“膻肉酪浆”为主。饮奶茶是蒙古牧民的普遍习惯,不论贫富,一日三餐皆以奶茶佐食。这是由于他们以肉食为主,茶可以去腥膻、助消化。蒙古族饮用的茶,主要以砖茶、红茶为主。所谓:“每清晨,男妇皆取乳(挤牛奶),先熬茶熟,去其滓,倾乳面沸之。人各啜二碗,慕亦如此。”近年来,随着划分草场放牧,实行定居,牧民日常的饮食结构也发生了变化。定居点往往有小片园田,主妇可以种植菜蔬等。因此,牧民从以肉食为主,逐渐改为以牛、羊肉和炒米、面条等谷物为主,辅以蔬菜,或葱、韭、野菜。饮酒是蒙古族日常生活中不可缺少的。他们善饮,也有海量;多嘉饮白酒,也饮自家配制的牛、马奶酒。这也是为适应气候较为严寒的自然环境和流动性较大的游牧生活所需。</span><br></h3> <h3><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; font-size: 21px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 43px; white-space: normal;">从事游牧业生产的蒙古人,长期过着以“鞍马为家、车帐为室”的迁徙流动生活。过去牧民一般住在帐篷、蒙古包里。白色的蒙古包宛若一朵朵大蘑菇,散落在绿绿的草原上。牧民夏天随着畜群“逐水草而居”,住在布帐篷里,冬天则住在用羊毛擀制的厚厚的毡子做的蒙古包里,以革衬毡,席地而卧。蒙古包内烟熏火燎,牧民一年四季寝食其中。划分草场放牧后,实现了定居。现在,辽阔无垠的大草原上,盖起了一幢幢砖瓦结构的住宅,每家居室都有大玻璃窗、烟囱、火炕或土暖气等,甚至安装了小型风力发电机和太阳能热水器。室内布置有桌椅、橱柜、沙发、电器设备,生活用品应有尽有。</span><br></h3> <h3><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; font-size: 21px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 43px; white-space: normal;">蒙古族是马背上的民族,马匹是草原上的主要交通工具,辅助以牛、驼和勒勒车。蒙古人从孩童时就学会骑马,骑手与马融为一体,疾走如飞,腾挪自如。在蒙古族中流传的谚语说,没有马的人不打仗,没有弓箭的人不打猎,清代,内蒙古八旗的披甲,身负征战,巡边任务,都是以马了基本交通工具。而游牧民族的迁移搬迁,主要用牛、骆驼拉的勒勒车为运输工具。如今,摩托车、拖拉机、汽车等交通工具在蒙古草原上已经很普及了,就连放牧牛、奶、羊群也使用摩托车驱赶,早晨将牲畜赶到草原上放牧,晚上再去赶回宿营地。</span><br></h3>