国宝元青花一龙纹大盘的鉴赏

丹桂

The appreciation of Chinese national treasure of blue and white porcelain dragon vein plate from yuan dynasty

　　元朝(公元1271--1367年)是中国历史上首次由少数民族建立的大一统王朝，定都大都(北京)，占领世界五分之一的土地。它不足百年的统治，却为中华大地注入了久违的拓展力和进取心。看似一个遍地杀伐、摧毁和凶悍的时代，却使中华四大发明以前所未有的速度向西方传播开去，而西方的天文历法也开始影响中原。这个充满肌肉与速度，来去匆匆的时代。给人留下太多的谜团和遐想。其中就包含了一朵沉睡六百年又重新绚烂起来的晶莹花朵一一元青花瓷。

The Yuan Dynasty (1271-1367 AD) was the first large-scale dynasty established by ethnic minorities in Chinese history. It was the capital of Beijing (Beijing) and occupied one-fifth of the world's land. It has less than a hundred years of rule, but it has injected long-lost expansion and enterprising spirit into the land of China. It seems that an era of killing, destroying and fierce everywhere has spread the four Chinese inventions to the West at an unprecedented speed, and the Western astronomical calendar has begun to affect the Central Plains. This is an era full of muscles and speed, coming and going. Leave too many mysteries and delusions. Among them is a crystal flower of one hundred yuan blue and white porcelain that has been sleeping for six hundred years and re-smashed.

　　元青花瓷是中国陶瓷艺术史上非常特别的一个篇章，具有一种震撼人心的美感。它特定的历史时期和背景，以及草原民俗与中原汉民族传统文化交融所形成的别具一格的装饰纹样，加之数量的稀少，使之成为世界各大博物馆的珍藏品及拍卖会上的抢手货。

Yuan Blue and White Porcelain is a very special chapter in the history of Chinese ceramic art, with a shocking beauty. Its specific historical period and background, as well as the unique decorative patterns formed by the blending of grassland folk customs and the traditional culture of the Central Plains Han nationality, combined with the scarcity of quantity, make it a treasured collection of the world's major museums and auctions.

　　元青花瓷大而厚重，造型丰满，制作工艺纯熟，吸收和应用中国画的元素，结合器物造型和工艺特点，形成了自己的艺术语言。中国与中东地区文化艺术交融的多层次绘画风格、苏麻离青料呈现出浓艳明快的宝石蓝色彩及微量元素铜、铁矿带来的斑块微点，充分体现其时代特征。

Yuan blue and white porcelain is large and heavy, full of shape, skillful in production, absorbs and applies the elements of Chinese painting, combines the shape and craftsmanship of the objects, and forms its own artistic language. The multi-level painting style of culture and art blending between China and the Middle East, Su Ma from the green material presents a bright and bright gemstone blue color and trace elements of copper and iron ore, which fully reflects the characteristics of the times.

　　元青花龙纹大盘在绘画工艺上采用了两种不同方法。盘内有三层纹饰，边缘一层以白底青花绘画海水波纹，中间二层以青底白花(即反青花)绘画缠枝牡丹及主题纹饰火焰龙，以元代典型的双角、小头、细颈、长身、三爪、火焰尾，体现了龙的霸气。盘外壁以白底青花绘画葫芦叶缠枝莲。这种繁而不乱，密而不杂的装饰风格，给人以强烈的视觉冲击。

The Yuan dynasty blue and white porcelain has adopted two different methods in the painting process. There are three layers of ornamentation on the inside of the plate. The bottom layer is painted with white water and blue water on the white background. The middle two layers are painted with white flowers (that is, anti-blue and white), and the buds and the theme are decorated with flame dragons. The typical double angle and small head of the Yuan Dynasty. The neck, long body, three-jaw, and flame tail reflect the domineering power of the dragon. The outer wall of the plate is painted with white and blue flowers. This kind of complicated and unconventional, dense and uncomplicated decorative style gives a strong visual impact.

　　该盘菱花口，折沿，浅弧壁，圈足。口径约44cm，底径27cm，高8cm。高铁低锰的苏麻离青料，在1300度左右的高温烧造下，呈现出蓝宝石般的鲜艳色泽，还出现银黑色四氧化三铁结晶斑，即“铁锈斑痕”。经过六百多年的时间，大盘釉面上泛着温润的宝光，并伴有稍稍的下凹即“咬胎”现象。

The disk has a flower mouth, a folding edge, a shallow arc wall, and a foot. The caliber is about 44 cm, the bottom diameter is 27 cm, and the height is 8 cm. The high-iron and low-manganese sulphate is a sapphire-like bright color under the high temperature of about 1300 °C, and there is also a silver black ferrocene oxide crystal spot, which is "rust rust". After more than six hundred years, the glazed surface of the large plate is filled with warm Baoguang, accompanied by a slight depression that is the phenomenon of “biting”.

　　大盘的底部不施釉，选用的胎土精细，在胎釉结合处可见“火石红”，胎底见芝麻黑点，是铁元素经过时间氧化留下的痕迹，胎底中心有垫支烧造的印记。综合考证，大盘是元代景德镇浮梁瓷局官窑所烧制，为皇室用器。

The bottom of the plate is not glazed, the selected soil is fine, the "Flint Red" can be seen at the joint of the enamel, and the black spots of the sesame are seen at the bottom of the tire. It is the trace left by the oxidation of the iron element, and the center of the bottom of the tire has the mark of burning. Comprehensive research, the market is burned by the official kiln of the Fuliang Porcelain Bureau of Jingdezhen in the Yuan Dynasty, and it is used for the royal family only .

　　用100倍显微镜观察青料铁锈斑，可见清晰的网络纹、釉面自然老化痕迹、釉面矿物盐附着物自然老化痕迹及次生硅酸盐侵蚀死亡气泡。

Observing the rust spots of the green material with a 100-fold microscope, it is possible to see clear network lines, natural aging marks of glazed surfaces, natural aging marks of glazed mineral salt deposits, and dead bubbles of secondary silicate corrosion.

　　2005年7月，伦敦佳士得拍卖会上，一件“鬼谷子下山”元青花罐。拍出1400万英镑，按当时金价折算大约为两吨黄金。刷新了当时瓷器的拍卖世界纪录，把元青花推上了古瓷的霸主地位，引起了世界极大关注。

In July 2005, at the Christie's auction in London, a "Ghost Valley Down the Mountain" Yuan Blue Flower Pot. It took 14 million pounds and converted it to about two tons of gold at the price of gold at that time. It refreshed the auction world record of porcelain at that time, and pushed Yuan Qinghua to the dominance of ancient porcelain, which caused great concern in the world.