用石雕艺术铭刻诚信佳话—陆家大院

在水一方

<h3>阴雨绵绵的冬日,我走进了寻找很久的虎豹村,去寻访一座流传诚信佳话的古宅—陆家大院。</h3> <h3></h3><p style="font-stretch: normal; font-size: 40px; line-height: normal; color: rgb(69, 69, 69); min-height: 47.7px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;.PingFangSC-Semibold&quot;; font-size: 40pt;">据村民介绍,</span><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-size: 40pt;">虎豹村的得名源自村边有两座石山,大的称</span><span style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIDisplay-Bold&quot;; font-size: 40pt;">“</span><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-size: 40pt;">虎山</span><span style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIDisplay-Bold&quot;; font-size: 40pt;">”</span><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-size: 40pt;">,小的称</span><span style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIDisplay-Bold&quot;; font-size: 40pt;">“</span><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-size: 40pt;">豹山</span><span style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIDisplay-Bold&quot;; font-size: 40pt;">”</span><span style="font-size: 40pt;"><font face="PingFangSC-Semibold">。</font></span><span style="font-family: &quot;.PingFangSC-Semibold&quot;; font-size: 40pt;">虎豹村的陆家,是清末这一带大户人家。</span></h3> <h3></h3><h3></h3><p style="font-stretch: normal; font-size: 40px; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;.PingFang SC&quot;; color: rgb(69, 69, 69);"><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-size: 40pt;">陆家大院始建于民国初年</span><span style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIDisplay-Semibold&quot;; font-size: 40pt;">-</span><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-size: 40pt;">民国三年(公元</span><span style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIDisplay-Semibold&quot;; font-size: 40pt;">1911-1914</span><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-size: 40pt;">年),为</span><span style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIDisplay-Bold&quot;; font-size: 40pt;">“</span><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-size: 40pt;">三进五间式</span><span style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIDisplay-Bold&quot;; font-size: 40pt;">”</span><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-size: 40pt;">清末风格的古建筑。</span><span style="font-family: &quot;.PingFangSC-Semibold&quot;; font-size: 40pt;">整个院落分为门楼、天井、正房、东西厢房,房屋虽然建筑的年代不算久远,</span><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-size: 40pt;">但它的石雕艺术非常了得,可称得上是"前无古人,后无来者"。</span></h3> <p style="font-stretch: normal; font-size: 40px; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;PingFang SC&quot;; color: rgb(69, 69, 69);"><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 40pt;">门楼高高昂起的马头墙</span></h3> <p style="line-height: normal; font-size: 40px; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(69, 69, 69); min-height: 47.7px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;.PingFangSC-Semibold&quot;; font-weight: bold; font-size: 40pt;">民国初年,陆家准备建新宅,张贴告示,寻找能工巧匠。一位避战乱从湖南来的身怀绝技的石匠,揭下布告直奔陆家。陆家主人见其貌不扬,面露疑色。石匠说:“我只身一人过广西,一路上凭的就是一手绝活。员外若不相信,敢与我一赌否</span><span style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIDisplay-Semibold&quot;; font-weight: bold; font-size: 40pt;">?</span><span style="font-family: &quot;.PingFangSC-Semibold&quot;; font-weight: bold; font-size: 40pt;">我无偿帮你建房,建好后,如满意,我在你家落户定居;如建得不好,我分文不取,如何</span><span style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIDisplay-Semibold&quot;; font-weight: bold; font-size: 40pt;">?</span><span style="font-family: &quot;.PingFangSC-Semibold&quot;; font-weight: bold; font-size: 40pt;">”员外将信将疑,当众与石匠击掌立约。</span></h3><p style="line-height: normal; font-size: 40px; font-stretch: normal; font-family: &quot;.PingFang SC&quot;; color: rgb(69, 69, 69);"><span style="font-family: &quot;.PingFangSC-Semibold&quot;; font-weight: bold; font-size: 40pt;">  一年后,一座三进五间式清末建筑风格的陆家大院落成。员外前来验收新居。大院门楼高约</span><span style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIDisplay-Semibold&quot;; font-weight: bold; font-size: 40pt;">5.2</span><span style="font-family: &quot;.PingFangSC-Semibold&quot;; font-weight: bold; font-size: 40pt;">米,宽约</span><span style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIDisplay-Semibold&quot;; font-weight: bold; font-size: 40pt;">4.3</span><span style="font-family: &quot;.PingFangSC-Semibold&quot;; font-weight: bold; font-size: 40pt;">米,门槛、台阶、门楼皆为青黛色大青石镶就。石质光滑细腻,清凉沁润。门楼的正方刻有楹联一副,上联“鹅湖世泽”下联“锦石家风”,横批“紫气东来”。楹联的横批两端,雕绘有书卷图案,上下联的顶端,各刻了一只象征幸福的蝙蝠。在转角石、门墩及其他部位,石匠共雕刻了花卉</span><span style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIDisplay-Semibold&quot;; font-weight: bold; font-size: 40pt;">18</span><span style="font-family: &quot;.PingFangSC-Semibold&quot;; font-weight: bold; font-size: 40pt;">幅,历史人物故事</span><span style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIDisplay-Semibold&quot;; font-weight: bold; font-size: 40pt;">4</span><span style="font-family: &quot;.PingFangSC-Semibold&quot;; font-weight: bold; font-size: 40pt;">幅,动物</span><span style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIDisplay-Semibold&quot;; font-weight: bold; font-size: 40pt;">2</span><span style="font-family: &quot;.PingFangSC-Semibold&quot;; font-weight: bold; font-size: 40pt;">幅(均为传统的“三阳开泰”图案)。最绝的是,在大门左右转角石上,雕刻了两幅历史故事。左为“姜太公钓鱼”:一位束发银须、悠闲自若的老者坐于江边,右手捋须,左手持竿垂钓,其身后,停放着一台刻龙雕凤的大轿,轿前一群大小官员,弯腰抱拳、毕恭毕敬。右边则是生动的“周瑜打黄盖”,借以表达“你石匠帮我陆家建房不要钱“愿者上钩”,我陆员外对石匠生养死埋“一个愿打一个愿挨”。员外不得不为石匠精湛的造诣折服,惊赞民间处处皆鲁班。于是,守诺言,留石匠,吩咐下人以宾客之礼相待。后来,陆家后人为石匠养老送终,成就了当地一段“诚实守信”的佳话。</span></h3> <h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><p style="font-stretch: normal; font-size: 40px; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;PingFang SC&quot;; color: rgb(69, 69, 69);"><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 40pt;">陆家大院整体结构可分为:门楼,天井,正房,东西厢房四个板块。正房的地平面,比门楼台阶底的地平面高出</span><span style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIDisplay-Semibold&quot;; font-weight: bold; font-size: 40pt;">1.6</span><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 40pt;">米。</span></h3><p style="font-stretch: normal; font-size: 40px; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;PingFang SC&quot;; color: rgb(69, 69, 69);"><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 40pt;">(陆家大院正房)陆家大院的石雕艺术大致可分为六个组成部分:</span></h3><p style="font-stretch: normal; font-size: 40px; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;PingFang SC&quot;; color: rgb(69, 69, 69);"><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 40pt;">一、构件石雕艺术</span></h3><p style="font-stretch: normal; font-size: 40px; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;PingFang SC&quot;; color: rgb(69, 69, 69);"><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 40pt;">门楼高约</span><span style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIDisplay-Semibold&quot;; font-weight: bold; font-size: 40pt;">5.2</span><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 40pt;">米,宽约</span><span style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIDisplay-Semibold&quot;; font-weight: bold; font-size: 40pt;">4.3</span><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 40pt;">米。全部为青黛色的石灰岩板块组合而成。大门高约</span><span style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIDisplay-Semibold&quot;; font-weight: bold; font-size: 40pt;">3.25</span><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 40pt;">米,宽约</span><span style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIDisplay-Semibold&quot;; font-weight: bold; font-size: 40pt;">1.18</span><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 40pt;">米。大门原应用木头来做的所有构件,如:大门架的外框,大门架的内框,门对,门楣,门耳等,全都改为石构件。拼接缝隙相当紧密。</span></h3><p style="font-stretch: normal; font-size: 40px; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;PingFang SC&quot;; color: rgb(69, 69, 69);"><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 40pt;">二、石雕的书法艺术</span></h3><p style="font-stretch: normal; font-size: 40px; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;PingFang SC&quot;; color: rgb(69, 69, 69);"><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 40pt;">楹联为楷书,字大小的</span><span style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIDisplay-Semibold&quot;; font-weight: bold; font-size: 40pt;">18*18</span><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 40pt;">厘米。石雕使用的阳刻(浮雕)雕刻手法,楹联的横批的两端,绘有书卷图案,使人看上去就像在书卷上写下的字。上下联的顶端,雕琢一只象征幸福的瑞</span><span style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIDisplay-Semibold&quot;; font-weight: bold; font-size: 40pt;">--</span><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 40pt;">蝙蝠。</span></h3><p style="font-stretch: normal; font-size: 40px; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;PingFang SC&quot;; color: rgb(69, 69, 69);"><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 40pt;">三、绘画石雕艺术</span></h3><p style="font-stretch: normal; font-size: 40px; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;PingFang SC&quot;; color: rgb(69, 69, 69);"><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 40pt;">大院的石雕绘画内容最丰富。主要表现在转角石和门墩两个部位。整个大院,湖南石匠共雕刻了花卉</span><span style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIDisplay-Semibold&quot;; font-weight: bold; font-size: 40pt;">18</span><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 40pt;">幅,历史故事</span><span style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIDisplay-Semibold&quot;; font-weight: bold; font-size: 40pt;">4</span><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 40pt;">幅(其中雕刻人物</span><span style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIDisplay-Semibold&quot;; font-weight: bold; font-size: 40pt;">14</span><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 40pt;">人)。动物两幅(均表现传统的"三阳开泰"的吉祥图案)。</span></h3> <h3><span style="caret-color: rgb(69, 69, 69); color: rgb(69, 69, 69); font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-size: 53.33333206176758px; font-weight: bold;">这座门楼式样大院的建筑风格独具一格、非同凡响。</span><br></h3> <p style="font-stretch: normal; font-size: 40px; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;PingFang SC&quot;; color: rgb(69, 69, 69);"><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 40pt;">大院门楼内檐底,共手绘了八幅水墨画。分别为:</span></h3><h3> </h3><p style="font-stretch: normal; font-size: 40px; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;PingFang SC&quot;; color: rgb(69, 69, 69);"><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 40pt;">两幅墨龙画:"龙上化申霞光图"和"变异杳淡云海图"</span></h3><h3> </h3><p style="font-stretch: normal; font-size: 40px; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;PingFang SC&quot;; color: rgb(69, 69, 69);"><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 40pt;">两幅山水画:"青山仙洞明天下图"和"白云深处有人家图"</span></h3><h3> </h3><p style="font-stretch: normal; font-size: 40px; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;PingFang SC&quot;; color: rgb(69, 69, 69);"><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 40pt;">四幅分别画有松,柏,梅,柳的水墨。名为:</span></h3><h3> </h3><p style="font-stretch: normal; font-size: 40px; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;PingFang SC&quot;; color: rgb(69, 69, 69);"><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 40pt;">"松林大天之景图",柏光明化无荣图","梅异祥光紫中图",松柏梅柳全图图"。</span></h3> <h3></h3><p style="line-height: normal; font-size: 40px; font-stretch: normal; font-family: &quot;PingFang SC&quot;; color: rgb(69, 69, 69);"><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-size: 53.33333206176758px; font-weight: bold;">门框及两侧全为青石制作。</span><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-size: 53.33333206176758px; font-weight: bold;">刻有楹联一幅。上联"鹅湖世泽"(门口正有呈北斗七星状的七口塘,曰"鹅湖"),下联"锦石家风",横批"紫气东来"。</span></h3><p style="line-height: normal; font-size: 40px; font-stretch: normal; font-family: &quot;PingFang SC&quot;; color: rgb(69, 69, 69);"><span style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIDisplay-Bold&quot;; font-weight: bold; font-size: 40pt;">“</span><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 40pt;">鹅湖</span><span style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIDisplay-Bold&quot;; font-weight: bold; font-size: 40pt;">”</span><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 40pt;">亦作</span><span style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIDisplay-Bold&quot;; font-weight: bold; font-size: 40pt;">“</span><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 40pt;">鵞湖</span><span style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIDisplay-Bold&quot;; font-weight: bold; font-size: 40pt;">”</span></h3><p style="line-height: normal; font-size: 40px; font-stretch: normal; font-family: &quot;PingFang SC&quot;; color: rgb(69, 69, 69);"><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 40pt;">这副对联正记载了先祖陆九渊与朱熹的两次哲学争辩,</span><span style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIDisplay-Bold&quot;; font-weight: bold; font-size: 40pt;">“</span><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 40pt;">鹅湖</span><span style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIDisplay-Bold&quot;; font-weight: bold; font-size: 40pt;">”</span><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 40pt;">与</span><span style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIDisplay-Bold&quot;; font-weight: bold; font-size: 40pt;">“</span><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 40pt;">鹿洞</span><span style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIDisplay-Bold&quot;; font-weight: bold; font-size: 40pt;">”</span><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 40pt;">就是争辩的两个地点。</span></h3> <p style="font-stretch: normal; font-size: 40px; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;PingFang SC&quot;; color: rgb(69, 69, 69);"><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 40pt;">门当上的麒麟</span></h3> <p style="line-height: normal; font-size: 40px; font-stretch: normal; font-family: &quot;PingFang SC&quot;; color: rgb(69, 69, 69);"><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 40pt;">户对上的</span><span style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIDisplay-Bold&quot;; font-weight: bold; font-size: 40pt;">“</span><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 40pt;">三阳开泰</span></h3><p style="line-height: normal; font-size: 40px; font-stretch: normal; font-family: &quot;PingFang SC&quot;; color: rgb(69, 69, 69);"><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 40pt;">户对上的</span><span style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIDisplay-Bold&quot;; font-weight: bold; font-size: 40pt;">“</span><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 40pt;">一路连科</span><span style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIDisplay-Bold&quot;; font-weight: bold; font-size: 40pt;">”</span><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 40pt;">。</span></h3> <p style="font-stretch: normal; font-size: 40px; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;PingFang SC&quot;; color: rgb(69, 69, 69);"><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 40pt;">最为叫绝的是,湖南石匠在转角石上,做足了文章。</span></h3><h3> </h3><p style="font-stretch: normal; font-size: 40px; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;PingFang SC&quot;; color: rgb(69, 69, 69);"><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 40pt;">一是雕刻了两幅历史故事:"姜太公钓鱼"和"周瑜打黄盖"。把当年与陆家的口头协定表达出来,就是,你石匠帮我陆家建房子不要钱,是"愿者上钩"(自愿的),你陆家对我石匠生养死埋,是"一个愿打一个愿挨"(双方自愿)。</span></h3> <p style="font-stretch: normal; font-size: 40px; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;PingFang SC&quot;; color: rgb(69, 69, 69);"><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 40pt;">墙角石上的</span><span style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIDisplay-Bold&quot;; font-weight: bold; font-size: 40pt;">“</span><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 40pt;">周瑜打黄盖</span><span style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIDisplay-Bold&quot;; font-weight: bold; font-size: 40pt;">”</span><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 40pt;">的图案,也是这个建筑来源的图案,一个愿意免费修建房子,一个愿意包吃住。</span></h3> <p style="font-stretch: normal; font-size: 40px; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;PingFang SC&quot;; color: rgb(69, 69, 69);"><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 40pt;">宝瓶图案</span></h3> <p style="font-stretch: normal; font-size: 40px; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;PingFang SC&quot;; color: rgb(69, 69, 69);"><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 40pt;">周瑜打黄盖</span></h3> <p style="font-stretch: normal; font-size: 40px; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;PingFang SC&quot;; color: rgb(69, 69, 69);"><br></h3> <p style="font-stretch: normal; font-size: 40px; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;PingFang SC&quot;; color: rgb(69, 69, 69);"><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 40pt;">姜太公钓鱼</span></h3> <p style="font-stretch: normal; font-size: 40px; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;PingFang SC&quot;; color: rgb(69, 69, 69);"><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 40pt;">二是雕刻了两组共</span><span style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIDisplay-Semibold&quot;; font-weight: bold; font-size: 40pt;">12</span><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 40pt;">种花卉,分别寓意一年十二个月:梅花(一月),兰花(二月),桃花(三月),蔷薇(四月),石榴(五月),荷花(六月),栀子(七月),桂花(八月),菊花(九月),芙蓉(十月),水仙(十一月),腊梅(十二月)。</span></h3> <p style="font-stretch: normal; font-size: 40px; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;PingFang SC&quot;; color: rgb(69, 69, 69);"><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 40pt;">两边墙角石上刻有分别代表每个月份的花。</span></h3> <h3><span style="caret-color: rgb(69, 69, 69); color: rgb(69, 69, 69); font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-size: 53.33333206176758px; font-weight: bold;">还有精致的石门墩,石柱础,石台阶,石门当,石下水口,</span><br></h3> <h3>精致的漏水口</h3> <p style="font-stretch: normal; font-size: 40px; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;PingFang SC&quot;; color: rgb(69, 69, 69);"><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 40pt;">门头屋檐下的壁画。</span></h3> <h3>精美的立体花纹装饰</h3> <h3>由于年代久远,无人照看,老宅已经开始破败不堪。</h3> <h3>已经消失的石柱基脚</h3>