关于认识陨石的几个误区

班玛仁增

<h3><span style="white-space: normal; caret-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.5440000295639038px; text-align: justify; -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;陨石身为“天外来客”,虽然身份很特殊,但它坠落的次数其实很频繁,远高于我们的想象。地球在宇宙中运行,每天都会与无数的星体碎片擦身而过。这些流星体进入大气层后,大部分会被瓦解,但有一些会坠落到地球表面,这些最后的“幸存者”就是陨石。</span><br></h3> <p style="white-space: normal; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.5440000295639038px; text-align: justify; -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; line-height: 27.2px; word-wrap: break-word !important;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;陨石携带着我们了解宇宙的重要信息,他的价值不言而喻,而国家幅员广大,人口众多,对陨石的降落观察非常有利,同时,我国有悠久的文明历史,历史上有很多有关陨石的记载,许多失散和没有发现的陨石有待发掘。因而,了解鉴别陨石的方法是很必要的。<br style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></h3><p style="white-space: normal; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.5440000295639038px; text-align: justify; -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; line-height: 27.2px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important;">  一.陨石一定要有磁性。<br style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important;">  &nbsp;用吸铁石测定一下,疑似物有无磁性。磁性一般分为强磁性、中等磁性、弱磁性、微弱磁性四类。&nbsp;铁陨石主要由铁纹石和镍纹石合金构成,所以有强磁性。&nbsp;石铁陨石主要由铁镍合金和陨类硅酸盐矿物构成,所以有中等或中等偏强磁性。&nbsp;球粒石陨石体内除含有硅酸盐球粒外,还含有毫米级铁镍合金颗粒,所以有弱磁性。&nbsp;无球粒石陨石主要由陨类硅酸盐构成,并含有微量金属元素,所以无磁性或有微弱磁性。</h3><p style="white-space: normal; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.5440000295639038px; text-align: justify; -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; line-height: 27.2px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></h3><p style="white-space: normal; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.5440000295639038px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; line-height: 27.2px; text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></h3><p style="white-space: normal; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.5440000295639038px; text-align: justify; -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; line-height: 27.2px; word-wrap: break-word !important;">  二.陨石一定要有熔壳。<br style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></h3><p style="white-space: normal; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.5440000295639038px; text-align: justify; -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; line-height: 27.2px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important;">  陨石要有黑色的熔壳,而且规定陨石的熔壳厚度在一毫米左右。事实上,陨石的熔壳色彩极其丰富:除黑色外,还有黄色、红色、蓝色、灰色、玻璃质透明无色等等色彩。</h3><p style="white-space: normal; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.5440000295639038px; text-align: justify; -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; line-height: 27.2px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important;">  一些陨石的熔壳厚度达4毫米左右;一些陨石的熔壳看似踪影全无;一些陨石熔壳厚度因多次爆炸有明显的差异;一些陨石的熔壳带有特殊的纹路;一些陨石的熔壳薄如蝉翼;而一些陨石的熔壳原本就不存在,陨石在陨落过程中根本就没有与大气层摩擦燃烧。包裹在冰块或冰雹中的陨石就是如此。</h3><p style="white-space: normal; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.5440000295639038px; text-align: justify; -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; line-height: 27.2px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important;">  有些陨石的熔壳因陨落环境问题导致脱落。如沙漠风沙的摩擦或江河湖海水流卵石的撞击摩擦;有些陨石的熔壳则由于距地时间久远,陨石自身风化导致熔壳脱离。</h3> <p style="white-space: normal; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.5440000295639038px; text-align: justify; -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; line-height: 27.2px; word-wrap: break-word !important;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;三.陨石中一定要有镍元素。</h3><p style="white-space: normal; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.5440000295639038px; text-align: justify; -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; line-height: 27.2px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important;">  无论是否具备陨石的特征,无论是目击陨石还是发现陨石,凡是内部检测不含镍的都被排斥在陨石之外。镍元素原本就是一个伪命题。宇宙浩瀚,硬性规定陨石必须有镍并非出于科学的需要,是否是圈子的潜规则,是否为高度垄断和欺骗制造的一个谎言,尚不可知。</h3><p style="white-space: normal; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.5440000295639038px; text-align: justify; -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; line-height: 27.2px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important;">  各国陨石爱好者和研究机构发现:很多陨石中镍含量低微,甚至根本不含镍。陨石一定要有镍元素的谎言可以结束了。</h3><p style="white-space: normal; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.5440000295639038px; text-align: justify; -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; line-height: 27.2px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;四.比重多少</h3><p style="white-space: normal; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.5440000295639038px; text-align: justify; -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; line-height: 27.2px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></h3><p style="white-space: normal; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.5440000295639038px; text-align: justify; -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; line-height: 27.2px; word-wrap: break-word !important;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;比重是我们初辨陨石较为重要的指标。我们知道,大部分地球岩石的比重为2.6左右。地球上有强磁性的铁类矿石,其比重为5左右。也就是同样大小的矿石,两块普通岩石加在一起的重量,大致和一块铁类岩石的重量差不多。&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;陨石中,铁陨石的比重接近8;石铁陨石的比重接近6&nbsp;;球粒陨石由于含铁镍颗粒,比重为3.5左右;无球粒陨石的比重大致在3左右。</h3><p style="white-space: normal; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.5440000295639038px; text-align: justify; -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; line-height: 27.2px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important;">  五.陨石是极其稀有的。</h3><p style="white-space: normal; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.5440000295639038px; text-align: justify; -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; line-height: 27.2px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important;">  找到陨石的几率远远小于找到黄金钻石。至今还有人声称:陨石是极其罕见的,不可多得的。事实如何呢?经典的陨石确实罕见,而非经典的陨石人们多不认可。经典的陨石由于具有特殊的形态,加之业界多年的夸张宣传,人们片面的认为陨石必须是经典的。事实上,很多陨石仅凭肉眼难以分辨是否陨石!一些陨石甚至与地球岩石极易混淆。</h3><p style="white-space: normal; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.5440000295639038px; text-align: justify; -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; line-height: 27.2px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important;">  陨石的材质无奇不有,陨石的种类丰富多彩,陨石的奥妙难以穷尽。人类对于陨石的认识微乎其微,并非是陨石极少,只是我们欠缺认识而已。</h3><p style="white-space: normal; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.5440000295639038px; text-align: justify; -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; line-height: 27.2px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important;">  六.陨石中不会有石英。</h3><p style="white-space: normal; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.5440000295639038px; text-align: justify; -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; line-height: 27.2px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important;">  陨石中不能有石英。这个说法的起因据说是科学界认为外星球没有产生石英的条件,有石英存在就不是陨石。</h3><p style="white-space: normal; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.5440000295639038px; text-align: justify; -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; line-height: 27.2px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important;">  现实中,很多陨石中都有石英存在。一些石铁陨石和石陨石中大量存在着;笔者在野外猎陨现场也发现过定向垂直陨落的纯石英陨石,并且收藏数块这类的陨石。其中一块石英陨石表面凝结着高温熔融附着物,石英陨石的真实存在拷问着科学界陈腐的认知态度和僵化的思维。</h3><p style="white-space: normal; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.5440000295639038px; text-align: justify; -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; line-height: 27.2px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important;">  宇宙中不能有什么和应该有什么的问题令人不解!存在就是事实,认知需要时间。以发现促研究,以研究促进步。期待科研机构科研态度的转变。</h3><p style="white-space: normal; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.5440000295639038px; text-align: justify; -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; line-height: 27.2px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></h3><p style="white-space: normal; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.5440000295639038px; text-align: justify; -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; line-height: 27.2px; word-wrap: break-word !important;">  七.划线鉴定陨石的荒诞方法</h3><p style="white-space: normal; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.5440000295639038px; text-align: justify; -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; line-height: 27.2px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important;">  某科研机构发明的通过划线鉴定陨石的方法令人百思不得其解。不看陨石的任何特征,拿起一块瓷砖的背面用疑似陨石划线来鉴别是否陨石。这样的做法延续了几十年,与陨石必须有镍元素一样,这个另类的办法祸害了很多人。</h3><p style="white-space: normal; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.5440000295639038px; text-align: justify; -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; line-height: 27.2px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important;">  事实上纯铁质的陨石不会画出有色的线条。一些经过摩擦燃烧石铁陨石熔壳层内里有2-3毫米的高温烧蚀层。这种陨石划线的结果就是黑色的线条,这种线条与所谓的铁矿石根本不同。一些低铁类的以三氧化二铁成分为主的金属陨石,磨破熔壳后便是红褐色的粉末。画出红褐色线条毫不奇怪。</h3>