需要了解心血管急救常用药物,总有派上用场的时候

《健康之友》•内科

<p style="margin-bottom: 18px; border: 0px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: -apple-system, helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">相对于别的科室,心血管科每日硝烟弥漫,场面惊心动魄,医务人员如临大敌。如冠心病出现胸闷、心慌气短、心律不齐、胸痛、胸骨后或心前区疼痛等。心肌梗死时血压下降,大汗,四肢厥冷,均需急救处理。</h3><h1 style="margin-top: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; padding-left: 12px; border: 0px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); line-height: 1.5; font-size: 17px; position: relative; font-weight: 700; font-family: -apple-system, helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;"><span style="border: 0px;">如何实现急救药物的规范化使用显得尤为关键。对药理、用法、不良反应及注意事项等的熟练掌握,是临床药师在硝烟弥漫的临床战场抵抗劲敌(心血管疾病)的制胜法宝。</span></h1> <h1 style="margin-top: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; padding-left: 12px; border: 0px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); line-height: 1.5; font-size: 17px; position: relative; font-weight: 700; font-family: -apple-system, helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;"><span style="border: 0px;">1. 肾上腺素</span></h1> <p style="margin-top: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; border: 0px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: -apple-system, helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;"><span style="border: 0px; font-weight: 700;">【适应证】</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; border: 0px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: -apple-system, helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">用于过敏性休克、心脏骤停、支气管哮喘、粘膜或齿龈局部止血等。</h3><p style="margin-top: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; border: 0px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: -apple-system, helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;"><span style="border: 0px; font-weight: 700;">【用法】</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; border: 0px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: -apple-system, helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">1. 过敏性休克:肌注0.5~1mg/次,或0.9%盐水稀释到10ml后缓慢静注。如疗效不佳,可改用2~4mg溶于5%葡萄糖250~500ml中静滴。</h3><p style="margin-top: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; border: 0px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: -apple-system, helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">2. 心脏骤停:1mg静注,每3~5分钟可加大剂量,递增(1~5mg),以此重复。</h3><p style="margin-top: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; border: 0px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: -apple-system, helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">3. 与局麻药合用:加少量(约1:200000—1:500000)于局麻药内(<300μg)。</h3><p style="margin-top: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; border: 0px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: -apple-system, helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;"><span style="border: 0px; font-weight: 700;">【不良反应】</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; border: 0px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: -apple-system, helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">面色苍白,心慌,头痛,心律失常,停药后消失,剂量过大使血压骤升,反复局部注射易发生局部坏死。</h3><p style="margin-top: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; border: 0px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: -apple-system, helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">【注意事项】</h3><p style="margin-top: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; border: 0px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: -apple-system, helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">禁用于高血压,心脏病,糖尿病,甲亢,洋地黄中毒,心源性哮喘,出血性休克等患者。</h3><h1 style="margin-top: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; padding-left: 12px; border: 0px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); line-height: 1.5; font-size: 17px; position: relative; font-weight: 700; font-family: -apple-system, helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;"><span style="border: 0px;">2. 阿托品</span></h1> <p style="margin-top: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; border: 0px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: -apple-system, helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;"><span style="border: 0px; font-weight: 700;">【适应证】</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; border: 0px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: -apple-system, helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">窦性心动过缓,房室传导阻滞,阿斯综合症,胃肠道,胆绞痛, 散瞳,有机磷农药中毒。</h3><p style="margin-top: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; border: 0px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: -apple-system, helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;"><span style="border: 0px; font-weight: 700;">【用法】</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; border: 0px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: -apple-system, helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">常用量:肌注或静注0.5~1 mg/次,总量<2mg/日。有机磷中毒时,1~2 mg(严重时可加大5~10倍),每10~20分钟重复,维持需2~3天。</h3><p style="margin-top: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; border: 0px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: -apple-system, helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;"><span style="border: 0px; font-weight: 700;">【注意事项】</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; border: 0px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: -apple-system, helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">禁用于心动过速,青光眼者。</h3><h1 style="margin-top: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; padding-left: 12px; border: 0px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); line-height: 1.5; font-size: 17px; position: relative; font-weight: 700; font-family: -apple-system, helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;"><span style="border: 0px;">3.利多卡因</span></h1> <p style="margin-top: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; border: 0px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: -apple-system, helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;"><span style="border: 0px; font-weight: 700;">【适应证】</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; border: 0px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: -apple-system, helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">室性心动过速,室性早搏,心室颤动,表面麻醉。</h3><p style="margin-top: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; border: 0px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: -apple-system, helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;"><span style="border: 0px; font-weight: 700;">【用法】</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; border: 0px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: -apple-system, helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">静注1~1.5mg/kg/次(一般50~100mg/次),必要时每5分钟重复1~2次。静滴:取100mg加入5%葡萄糖100~200ml中静滴,速度1~2ml/分,总量<300mg。</h3><p style="margin-top: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; border: 0px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: -apple-system, helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;"><span style="border: 0px; font-weight: 700;">【不良反应】</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; border: 0px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: -apple-system, helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">嗜睡,头痛,听力减退,视力模糊,定向障碍,大剂量可引起肌肉抽搐,惊厥,心动过缓,心律失常,低血压,传导阻滞。</h3><h1 style="margin-top: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; padding-left: 12px; border: 0px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); line-height: 1.5; font-size: 17px; position: relative; font-weight: 700; font-family: -apple-system, helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;"><span style="border: 0px;">4. 西地兰</span></h1><p style="margin-top: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; border: 0px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: -apple-system, helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;"><span style="border: 0px; font-weight: 700;">【适应证】</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; border: 0px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: -apple-system, helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">急性心力衰竭,心房颤动,室上性心动过速。</h3><p style="margin-top: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; border: 0px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: -apple-system, helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;"><span style="border: 0px; font-weight: 700;">【用法】</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; border: 0px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: -apple-system, helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">口服:饱和量1-1.6mg,分次服,维持量每日0.25—0.5mg。</h3><p style="margin-top: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; border: 0px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: -apple-system, helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">静注或肌注:快速饱和量,第1次0.4~0.8mg,以后每2~4小时再给0.2~0.4mg,总量1~1.6mg。</h3><p style="margin-top: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; border: 0px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: -apple-system, helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;"><span style="border: 0px; font-weight: 700;">【不良反应】</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; border: 0px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: -apple-system, helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">胃肠道反应,心脏毒性,神经系统症状。</h3><p style="margin-top: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; border: 0px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: -apple-system, helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;"><span style="border: 0px; font-weight: 700;">【注意事项】</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; border: 0px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: -apple-system, helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">静注需慢,应注意心率,心律的变化。</h3><h1 style="margin-top: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; padding-left: 12px; border: 0px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); line-height: 1.5; font-size: 17px; position: relative; font-weight: 700; font-family: -apple-system, helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;"><span style="border: 0px;">5.硝酸甘油</span></h1> <p style="margin-top: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; border: 0px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: -apple-system, helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;"><span style="border: 0px; font-weight: 700;">【适应证】</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; border: 0px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: -apple-system, helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">冠心病、心绞痛的治疗及预防,降低血压,治疗充血性心衰。</h3><p style="margin-top: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; border: 0px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: -apple-system, helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;"><span style="border: 0px; font-weight: 700;">【用法】</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; border: 0px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: -apple-system, helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">用5%葡萄糖或氯化钠液稀释后静滴,开始剂量5μg/min,最好用恒速输液泵。患者对本药的个体差异很大,静脉滴注无固定适合剂量,应根据个体的血压、心率和其他血流动力学参数来调整用量。</h3><p style="margin-top: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; border: 0px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: -apple-system, helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;"><span style="border: 0px; font-weight: 700;">【不良反应】</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; border: 0px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: -apple-system, helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">常见有头痛、眩晕、面部潮红、心悸、体位性低血压、晕厥等。</h3><p style="margin-top: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; border: 0px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: -apple-system, helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;"><span style="border: 0px; font-weight: 700;">【注意事项】</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; border: 0px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: -apple-system, helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">禁用于有严重低血压及心动过速时的心梗早期及严重贫血、青光眼、颅内压增高患者。</h3><h1 style="margin-top: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; padding-left: 12px; border: 0px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); line-height: 1.5; font-size: 17px; position: relative; font-weight: 700; font-family: -apple-system, helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;"><span style="border: 0px;">6.多巴胺</span></h1> <p style="margin-top: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; border: 0px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: -apple-system, helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;"><span style="border: 0px; font-weight: 700;">【适应证】</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; border: 0px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: -apple-system, helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">1. 心肌梗死、创伤、内毒素败血症、心脏手术、肾功能衰竭、充血性心力衰竭等引起的休克综合征。</h3><p style="margin-top: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; border: 0px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: -apple-system, helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">2. 补充血容量后休克仍不能纠正者,尤其少尿及周围血管阻力正常或较低的休克,也用于洋地黄和利尿剂无效的心功能不全。</h3><p style="margin-top: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; border: 0px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: -apple-system, helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;"><span style="border: 0px; font-weight: 700;">【用法】</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; border: 0px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: -apple-system, helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">常用剂量 2- 20 g/kg /min 。剂量&gt;10- 20 g/kg /min,增加内脏血管收缩力,如需20μg/Kg/分以上才能维持血压,应加用肾上腺素。</h3><p style="margin-top: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; border: 0px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: -apple-system, helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;"><span style="border: 0px; font-weight: 700;">【注意事项】</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; border: 0px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: -apple-system, helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">本品强调个体用药差异,用药前注意补足血容量,禁止与碱性药物合用。静注防止漏出血管。禁用于心动过速者。</h3><h1 style="margin-top: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; padding-left: 12px; border: 0px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); line-height: 1.5; font-size: 17px; position: relative; font-weight: 700; font-family: -apple-system, helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;"><span style="border: 0px;">7. 胺碘酮</span></h1> <p style="margin-top: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; border: 0px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: -apple-system, helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;"><span style="border: 0px; font-weight: 700;">【适应证】</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; border: 0px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: -apple-system, helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">1. CPR。</h3><p style="margin-top: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; border: 0px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: -apple-system, helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">2. 室颤或无脉性室速的抢救。</h3><p style="margin-top: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; border: 0px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: -apple-system, helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">3. 持续性室速。</h3><p style="margin-top: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; border: 0px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: -apple-system, helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;"><span style="border: 0px; font-weight: 700;">【用法】</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; border: 0px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: -apple-system, helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">口服,每次200mg,每日3次,1周后可改为200mg,每日1~2次。老年人用量可酌减。</h3><p style="margin-top: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; border: 0px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: -apple-system, helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;"><span style="border: 0px; font-weight: 700;">【注意事项】</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; border: 0px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: -apple-system, helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">严重窦房结功能异常者,Ⅱ或Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞,双束支传导阻滞(除非已有起搏器),心动过缓引起晕厥者,各种原因引起弥漫性肺间质纤维化者禁用。对碘过敏者对本品可能过敏。</h3> <p style="text-align: center; "><b><font color="#39b54a">兰州市城关区人民医院•内科</font></b></h3><p style="text-align: right;"><b><font color="#ff8a00">《健康之友》</font></b></h3>